Germinal centers: form and function.

Our understanding of the formation of germinal centers has advanced considerably during the past year. Highlights include the elucidation of the role of cytokines and chemokines in splenic organization and lymphocyte migration and their roles in germinal center development. The functional consequences of recombination-activating gene re-expression in the germinal center have also been reported, as have in vitro models of somatic mutation. Finally the resolution of the germinal center reaction is being addressed by analysis of the individual cell types produced.

[1]  D. Tarlinton,et al.  Kinetics of establishing the memory B cell population as revealed by CD38 expression. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[2]  D. Chaplin,et al.  Lymphotoxin-α (LTα) Supports Development of Splenic Follicular Structure That Is Required for IgG Responses , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[3]  D. Fearon,et al.  Downregulated Expression of SHP-1 in Burkitt Lymphomas and Germinal Center B Lymphocytes , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[4]  Kenneth G. C. Smith,et al.  The phenotype and fate of the antibody‐forming cells of the splenic foci , 1996, European journal of immunology.

[5]  T. Takai,et al.  Reexpression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 Genes in Activated Mature Mouse B cells , 1996, Science.

[6]  T. K. van den Berg,et al.  Host origin of follicular dendritic cells induced in the spleen of SCID mice after transfer of allogeneic lymphocytes. , 1995, Immunology.

[7]  D. Tenen,et al.  Defective B cell receptor‐mediated responses in mice lacking the Ets protein, Spi‐B , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[8]  P. Pandolfi,et al.  The BCL-6 proto-oncogene controls germinal-centre formation and Th2-type inflammation , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[9]  S. Mori,et al.  BCL-6 gene product, a 92- to 98-kD nuclear phosphoprotein, is highly expressed in germinal center B cells and their neoplastic counterparts. , 1995, Blood.

[10]  T. Takai,et al.  Characterization of B cells expressing recombination activating genes in germinal centers of immunized mouse lymph nodes. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[11]  Shiaoching Gong,et al.  The B-cell-specific transcription coactivator OCA-B/OBF-1/Bob-1 is essential for normal production of immunoglobulin isotypes , 1996, Nature.

[12]  Yong‐jun Liu,et al.  Polymerase Chain Reaction Selects a Novel Disintegrin Proteinase from CD40-Activated Germinal Center Dendritic Cells , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[13]  L. Staudt,et al.  Control of inflammation, cytokine expression, and germinal center formation by BCL-6. , 1997, Science.

[14]  Kenneth G. C. Smith,et al.  Inhibition of the B Cell by CD22: A Requirement for Lyn , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  M. Hatano,et al.  Disruption of the Bcl6 Gene Results in an Impaired Germinal Center Formation , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[16]  Yuetsu Tanaka,et al.  Expression and function of OX40 ligand on human dendritic cells. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[17]  Kenneth G. C. Smith,et al.  The extent of affinity maturation differs between the memory and antibody‐forming cell compartments in the primary immune response , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[18]  E. Wolf,et al.  A Putative Chemokine Receptor, BLR1, Directs B Cell Migration to Defined Lymphoid Organs and Specific Anatomic Compartments of the Spleen , 1996, Cell.

[19]  Andreas Radbruch,et al.  Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow , 1997, Nature.

[20]  B. Ryffel,et al.  Differentiation of follicular dendritic cells and full antibody responses require tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 signaling , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[21]  G. Kelsoe,et al.  Alternative pathways for the selection of antigen-specific peripheral T cells , 1996, Nature.

[22]  M. Kosco‐Vilbois,et al.  The physiology of murine germinal center reactions , 1997, Immunological reviews.

[23]  Heikyung Suh,et al.  V(D)J recombination in mature B cells: a mechanism for altering antibody responses. , 1997, Science.

[24]  F. Mackay,et al.  Lymphotoxin but not tumor necrosis factor functions to maintain splenic architecture and humoral responsiveness in adult mice , 1997, European journal of immunology.

[25]  G. Kelsoe,et al.  Antibody response to a T-dependent antigen requires B cell expression of complement receptors , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[26]  G. Kelsoe,et al.  V(D)J recombinase activity in a subset of germinal center B lymphocytes. , 1997, Science.

[27]  R. Karr,et al.  Markedly impaired humoral immune response in mice deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  David D. Chaplin,et al.  Role of Lymphotoxin and the Type I TNF Receptor in the Formation of Germinal Centers , 1996, Science.

[29]  S. Camper,et al.  Receptor editing: an approach by autoreactive B cells to escape tolerance , 1993, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[30]  A. Lew,et al.  DNA immunization: induction of higher avidity antibody and effect of route on T cell cytotoxicity. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  R. Flavell,et al.  Distinct Roles in Lymphoid Organogenesis for Lymphotoxins α and β Revealed in Lymphotoxin β–Deficient Mice , 1997 .

[32]  D. Chaplin,et al.  Distinct Roles of Lymphotoxin α and the Type I Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor in the Establishment of Follicular Dendritic Cells from Non–Bone Marrow–derived Cells , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[33]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell‐dependent and T cell‐independent antigens , 1991, European journal of immunology.

[34]  D. Schatz,et al.  Neoteny in Lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells , 1996, Science.

[35]  K. Offit,et al.  BCL-6 protein is expressed in germinal-center B cells. , 1995, Blood.

[36]  W. Strober,et al.  The T cell-B cell interaction via OX40-OX40L is necessary for the T cell-dependent humoral immune response , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[37]  J. Ahearn,et al.  Disruption of the Cr2 locus results in a reduction in B-1a cells and in an impaired B cell response to T-dependent antigen. , 1996, Immunity.

[38]  T. Leanderson,et al.  Somatic Mutation of Immunoglobulin V Genes in Vitro , 1996, Science.

[39]  M. Inaoki,et al.  The CD19-CD21 complex regulates signal transduction thresholds governing humoral immunity and autoimmunity. , 1997, Immunity.

[40]  R. Geha,et al.  Affinity maturation without germinal centres in lymphotoxin-α-deficient mice , 1996, Nature.

[41]  J. Banchereau,et al.  Induction of somatic mutation in a human B cell line in vitro. , 1997, Immunity.

[42]  J. Sklar,et al.  Augmented Expression of a Human Gene for 8-oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase (MutM) in B Lymphocytes of the Dark Zone in Lymph Node Germinal Centers , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[43]  E. Kremmer,et al.  Expression of the G-protein--coupled receptor BLR1 defines mature, recirculating B cells and a subset of T-helper memory cells , 1994 .

[44]  A. Rolink,et al.  B-cell-specif ic coactivator OBF-1/OCA-B/Bob1 required for immune response and germinal centre formation , 1996, Nature.

[45]  G. Kelsoe,et al.  Dependence of germinal center B cells on expression of CD21/CD35 for survival. , 1998, Science.

[46]  D. Loh,et al.  Visualization of peptide-specific T cell immunity and peripheral tolerance induction in vivo. , 1994, Immunity.

[47]  K. Rajewsky,et al.  Abnormal development of secondary lymphoid tissues in lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  D. Nemazee,et al.  Receptor editing in self-reactive bone marrow B cells , 1993, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[49]  G. Kelsoe,et al.  Locus-specific somatic hypermutation in germinal centre T cells , 1994, Nature.

[50]  G. Kollias,et al.  Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF alpha-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNF alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[51]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  Induction of long-lived germinal centers associated with persisting antigen after viral infection , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.