Analytical Exploration of Energy Savings for Parked Vehicles to Enhance VANET Connectivity

With the development of vehicular ad hoc networks, the shortage of resources is becoming increasingly serious. To alleviate this problem, many researchers have suggested the use of parked vehicles, but these proposals do not consider that parked vehicles cannot continue charging when they are turned off; this problem is termed the limited energy problem. In this paper, we consider the use of parked vehicles as relay nodes and introduce an optimal method of enabling parked vehicles to provide services in the most energy-efficient manner. The core method is divided into two steps: 1) the clustering of moving vehicles based on their communication coverage and the selection of parked vehicles between clusters as relay nodes to ensure communications among driving vehicles and 2) the dynamic use of external environmental factors to achieve energy conservation. Simulation results show that the proposed energy-saving method achieves obvious improvements compared with other parked-vehicle-based methods.

[1]  Falko Dressler,et al.  IVC in Cities: Signal Attenuation by Buildings and How Parked Cars Can Improve the Situation , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[2]  Ozan K. Tonguz,et al.  Enhancing VANET Connectivity Through Roadside Units on Highways , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[3]  Falko Dressler,et al.  Poster: Using clusters of parked cars as virtual vehicular network infrastructure , 2016, 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC).

[4]  Ilker Demirkol,et al.  Has Time Come to Switch From Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols to Wake-Up Radio for Wireless Sensor Networks? , 2016, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[5]  Susana Sargento,et al.  Statistics of parked cars for urban vehicular networks , 2016, 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM).

[6]  Susana Sargento,et al.  Leveraging Parked Cars as Urban Self-Organizing Road-Side Units , 2015, 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall).

[7]  Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani,et al.  Energy efficient Nano Servers provisioning for Information Piece Delivery in a vehicular environment , 2017, Veh. Commun..

[8]  Susana Sargento,et al.  Deploying Roadside Units in Sparse Vehicular Networks: What Really Works and What Does Not , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[9]  Dunbar P. Birnie,et al.  Analysis of energy capture by vehicle solar roofs in conjunction with workplace plug-in charging , 2016 .

[10]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  A Survey on Platoon-Based Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[11]  Jiannong Cao,et al.  PVA in VANETs: Stopped cars are not silent , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[12]  Susana Sargento,et al.  Parked Cars are Excellent Roadside Units , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[13]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  Avoiding Energy Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonuniform Node Distribution , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[14]  Mayada Abdelgadir,et al.  Mobility Routing Model for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), Smart City Scenarios , 2017, Veh. Commun..

[15]  Robin Kravets,et al.  Know your neighborhood: A strategy for energy-efficient communication , 2010, The 7th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (IEEE MASS 2010).

[16]  Sooksan Panichpapiboon,et al.  A Review of Information Dissemination Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2012, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[17]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Vehicular cloud networking: architecture and design principles , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  Claudio Casetti,et al.  The Role of Parked Cars in Content Downloading for Vehicular Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[19]  Robin Kravets,et al.  LoadingZones: leveraging street parking to enable vehicular internet access , 2013, MOCO.

[20]  Lin Cheng,et al.  Localization in the Parking Lot by Parked-Vehicle Assistance , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[21]  Robin Kravets,et al.  Governing energy for parked cars , 2013, 2013 10th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS).

[22]  Yolande Berbers,et al.  PVCM: Assisting multi-hop communication in vehicular networks using parked vehicles , 2012, 2012 IV International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems.

[23]  Reinhard German,et al.  Cooperative Awareness at Low Vehicle Densities: How Parked Cars Can Help See through Buildings , 2011, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011.

[24]  T. Litman.  Strategies, Evaluation and Planning , 2006 .

[25]  Claudio Casetti,et al.  Content downloading in vehicular networks: Bringing parked cars into the picture , 2012, 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC).

[26]  Vincenzo Conti,et al.  A Bio-Inspired Cognitive Agent for Autonomous Urban Vehicles Routing Optimization , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems.

[27]  Ismail Güvenç,et al.  UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems for the Smart City: Applications and Challenges , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[28]  D. Darling.  On a Class of Problems Related to the Random Division of an Interval , 1953 .

[29]  Song Guo,et al.  D2D-based content delivery with parked vehicles in vehicular social networks , 2016, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[30]  Robin Kravets,et al.  Heuristic Approaches to Energy-Efficient Network Design Problem , 2007, 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '07).

[31]  Ozan K. Tonguz,et al.  Cars as roadside units: a self-organizing network solution , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[32]  Song Guo,et al.  Leverage parking cars in a two-tier data center , 2013, 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[33]  Song Guo,et al.  A Game Theoretic Approach to Parked Vehicle Assisted Content Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[34]  Falko Dressler,et al.  SmartRevoc: An efficient and privacy preserving revocation system using parked vehicles , 2013, 38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[35]  Shahriar Mirabbasi,et al.  Optimal Power Control in Green Wireless Sensor Networks With Wireless Energy Harvesting, Wake-Up Radio and Transmission Control , 2017, IEEE Access.

[36]  Martin Trépanier,et al.  Characterizing Parking Spaces Using Travel Survey Data , 2008 .

[37]  Francesco Chiti,et al.  Content sharing in Internet of Vehicles: Two matching-based user-association approaches , 2017, Veh. Commun..

[38]  David E. Culler,et al.  Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[39]  Jiannong Cao,et al.  The sharing at roadside: Vehicular content distribution using parked vehicles , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.