Disposable biosensors for determination of biogenic amines.

This work reports monoamine oxidase (MAO)/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and diamine oxidase (DAO)/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) based biosensors using screen-printed carbon electrodes for the determination of biogenic amines (BA). The enzymes have been covalently immobilized onto the carbon working electrode, previously modified by an aryl diazonium salt, using hydroxysuccinimide and carbodiimide. The detection has been performed by measuring the cathodic current due to the reduction of the mediator hydroxymethylferrocene at a low potential, 250 mV vs screen-printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The experimental conditions for the enzymes immobilization, as well as for the main variables that can influence the chronoamperometric current have been optimized by the experimental design methodology. Under these optimum conditions, the disposable biosensors have been characterized. A linear response range from 0.2 up to 1.6 microM and from 0.4 to 2.4 microM of histamine was obtained for DAO/HRP and MAO/HRP based biosensors, respectively. The biosensor construction was highly reproducible, yielding relative standard deviations of 10% and 11% in terms of sensitivity for DAO/HRP and MAO/HRP based biosensors, respectively. The capability of detection, 0.18+/-0.01 microM in the case of DAO/HRP and 0.40+/-0.04 microM (alpha=0.05 and beta=0.005) for MAO/HRP based biosensors, and the biosensor sensitivity towards different BA has also been analyzed. Finally, the developed biosensors have been applied to the determination of the total amine content in fish samples.

[1]  G. Palleschi,et al.  Determination of biogenic amines with an electrochemical biosensor and its application to salted anchovies , 1998 .

[2]  J. Inczedy,et al.  Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature , 1998 .

[3]  John H. T. Luong,et al.  Amperometric biosensor for diamine using diamine oxidase purified from porcine kidney , 1997 .

[4]  M. A. Alonso-Lomillo,et al.  Horseradish peroxidase covalent grafting onto screen-printed carbon electrodes for levetiracetam chronoamperometric determination. , 2009, Analytical biochemistry.

[5]  M. A. Alonso-Lomillo,et al.  Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications. , 2007, Talanta.

[6]  G. Palleschi,et al.  AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION OF BIOGENIC AMINES IN CHEESE USING IMMOBILISED DIAMINE OXIDASE , 2001 .

[7]  U. Bilitewski,et al.  Development of screen-printed enzyme electrodes for the estimation of fish quality , 1996 .

[8]  D. Massart.  Chemometrics: A Textbook , 1988 .

[9]  K. Torimitsu,et al.  Continuous measurement of histamine from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) with an on-line sensor using histamine oxidase , 2000 .

[10]  George E. P. Box,et al.  Estadística para investigadores: introducción al diseño de experimentos, análisis de datos y construcción de modelos , 1988 .

[11]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of histamine and serotonin at highly boron-doped diamond electrodes. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[12]  Christine Wittmann,et al.  Enzyme sensor array for the determination of biogenic amines in food samples , 2002, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[13]  Roger Phan-Tan-Luu,et al.  Pharmaceutical Experimental Design , 1998 .

[14]  Sara Tombelli,et al.  Electrochemical biosensors for biogenic amines: a comparison between different approaches , 1998 .

[15]  S. Michielsen,et al.  Method for grafting poly(acrylic acid) onto nylon 6,6 using amine end groups on nylon surface , 2002 .

[16]  M. A. Alonso-Lomillo,et al.  CYP450 2B4 covalently attached to carbon and gold screen printed electrodes by diazonium salt and thiols monolayers. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[17]  E. Csöregi,et al.  Bienzyme biosensors for glucose, ethanol and putrescine built on oxidase and sweet potato peroxidase. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  Niculescu,et al.  Redox hydrogel-based amperometric bienzyme electrodes for fish freshness monitoring , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  J. Luong,et al.  Amperometric Biosensor for Total Histamine, Putrescine and Cadaverine using Diamine Oxidase , 1996 .

[20]  M. Wimmerová,et al.  Sensitive amperometric biosensor for the determination of biogenic and synthetic amines using pea seedlings amine oxidase: a novel approach for enzyme immobilisation. , 1999, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  L. Kubota,et al.  Amperometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase for biogenic amine determinations in biological samples. , 2005, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[22]  Takeshi Kobayashi,et al.  Development of agmatine sensor using the combination of putrescine oxidase and agmatinase for squid freshness. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  Annick M. Leroy,et al.  Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. , 1989 .

[24]  M. Neuman,et al.  Development and study of an amperometric biosensor for the in vitro measurement of low concentration of putrescine in blood. , 2002, Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods.

[25]  Maurizio Quinto,et al.  An interference free amperometric biosensor for the detection of biogenic amines in food products. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[26]  P. Millner,et al.  Development of Surface Activated Screen‐Printed Carbon Transducers for Biosensors Application , 2007 .

[27]  M. C. Ortiz,et al.  DETARCHI: A program for detection limits with specified assurance probabilities and characteristic curves of detection , 1994 .

[28]  G. Palleschi,et al.  Determination of Amines in Fresh and Modified Atmosphere Packaged Fruits Using Electrochemical Biosensors , 1998 .

[29]  Bo Mattiasson,et al.  Amine Oxidase Based Amperometric Biosensors forHistamine Detection , 2000 .

[30]  E. Csöregi,et al.  Amine oxidase amperometric biosensor coupled to liquid chromatography for biogenic amines determination , 2008 .

[31]  M. A. Alonso-Lomillo,et al.  Hydrogenase-coated carbon nanotubes for efficient H2 oxidation. , 2007, Nano letters.

[32]  J. Luong,et al.  An Electrochemical Flow Analysis System for Putrescine Using Immobilized Putrescine Oxidase and Horseradish Peroxidase , 2004 .