Differences between spectral dependencies in auditory and phonetic temporal processing: Relevance to the perception of voicing in initial stops.

Untrained listeners can reliably judge the temporal order of the onset of (a) pairs of coterminous tones [forming tone-onset-time (TOT) continua], and (b) higher-frequency bandlimited noises and lower-frequency bandlimited pulse trains [forming noise-onset-time (NOT) continua], but only if the onset of the second sound lags the first by at least 15-20 ms. It has been argued that the limitation of auditory temporal-order resolution that gives rise to this threshold also underlies the distinction between voiced [b, d, g] and voiceless aspirated [ph, th, kh] syllable-initial stop constants [which can be expressed in differences of voice-onset-time. (VOT)]. The positions of boundaries between phonetic categories on VOT continua depend on the values of a variety of spectral parameters, including the onset frequency of the first formant; lowering this results in boundaries shifting to longer values of VOT. The present experiment demonstrated that analogous spectral manipulations applied to the members of TOT and NOT continua do not result in systematic shifts in the location of the simultaneity-successivity threshold. The result suggest that the role of F1 in the perception of voicing does not have a purely auditory basis, a conclusion compatible with certain development and cross-language studies that have demonstrated that sensitivity to F1 is acquired and language dependent. The threshold may determine ranges of VOT between which auditory contrast is heightened, and so have helped to shape the preferred phonetic forms of phonological distinctions in the world's languages. However, other factors, such a production constraints or arbitrary processes of cultural development, appear to be required to account for the positions of voicing boundaries in particular languages.