Study of Theories about Myopia Progression (STAMP) Design and Baseline Data

Purpose. The Study of Theories about Myopia Progression (STAMP) is a 2-year, double-masked, randomized clinical trial of myopic children 6 to 11 years of age. STAMP will evaluate the 1-year effect of progressive addition lenses (PALs) compared with single vision lenses (SVLs) on central refraction, peripheral refraction in four quadrants, and accommodative response and convergence. STAMP will also evaluate any changes 1 year after discontinuing PALs. Baseline characteristics of enrolled children are reported. Methods. Eligible children had a high accommodative lag and either low myopia (less myopic than −2.25 diopter (D) spherical equivalent) or high myopia (more myopic than −2.25 D spherical equivalent) and esophoria at near. Children were randomly assigned to wear either PALs or SVLs for 1 year to determine the difference in myopia progression in the PAL group relative to the SVL group. All children will then wear SVLs for the 2nd year to evaluate the permanence of any treatment effect. Complete ocular biometric data are collected at 6-month intervals. Results. Over 17 months, 192 children were screened, and 85 (44%) were eligible and enrolled. Of these 85 children, 44 (52%) were girls, and 54 (64%) were esophoric at near. The mean age (± SD) was 9.8 ± 1.3 years. The right eye mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error was −1.95 ± 0.78 D. Horizontal relative peripheral hyperopia (30° nasal retina + 0.56 ± 0.59 D; 30° temporal retina + 0.61 ± 0.77 D) and vertical relative peripheral myopia (30° superior retina −0.36 ± 0.92 D; 20° inferior retina −0.48 ± 0.83 D) were found. Conclusions. The baseline data for STAMP are reported. Asymmetry between vertical and horizontal meridian relative peripheral refraction was found. STAMP will use the ocular biometric changes associated with the PAL treatment effect to attempt to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the treatment effect.

[1]  Earl L. Smith,et al.  Effects of optical defocus on refractive development in monkeys: evidence for local, regionally selective mechanisms. , 2010, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[2]  Li Li,et al.  Peripheral Defocus with Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses in Myopic Children , 2010, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[3]  F. Ferris,et al.  Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004. , 2009, Archives of ophthalmology.

[4]  Earl L. Smith,et al.  Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys , 2009, Vision Research.

[5]  Susan Vitale,et al.  Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004. , 2008, Archives of ophthalmology.

[6]  Shuhei Kimura,et al.  Effect of progressive addition lenses on myopia progression in Japanese children: a prospective, randomized, double-masked, crossover trial. , 2008, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[7]  Karla Zadnik,et al.  Validation of aberrometry‐based relative peripheral refraction measurements , 2008, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[8]  Lan Weizhong,et al.  A longitudinal study on the relationship between myopia development and near accommodation lag in myopic children , 2008, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[9]  D. Lam,et al.  Repeatability and reproducibility of pachymetric mapping with Visante anterior segment-optical coherence tomography. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[10]  D. Mutti,et al.  Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[11]  D. Troilo,et al.  Accommodation and induced myopia in marmosets , 2007, Vision Research.

[12]  J. Siegwart,et al.  Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes. , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[13]  H. Hussin,et al.  Reliability and validity of the partial coherence interferometry for measurement of ocular axial length in children , 2006, Eye.

[14]  P. Goh,et al.  A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. , 2006, American journal of ophthalmology.

[15]  David A. Atchison,et al.  Peripheral refraction along the horizontal and vertical visual fields in myopia , 2006, Vision Research.

[16]  D. Mutti,et al.  Accommodative lag before and after the onset of myopia. , 2006, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[17]  P. Allen,et al.  Accommodation functions: Co-dependency and relationship to refractive error , 2006, Vision Research.

[18]  D. Atchison,et al.  Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[19]  P. Cho,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Performance of Different Corneal Topographers on Children with Respect to Orthokeratology Practice , 2005, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[20]  Melissa D Bailey,et al.  Repeatability of autorefraction and axial length measurements after laser in situ keratomileusis , 2005, Journal of cataract and refractive surgery.

[21]  R. Held,et al.  Accommodation, Accommodative Convergence, and Response AC/A Ratios Before and at the Onset of Myopia in Children , 2005, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[22]  S. Saw,et al.  Repeatability of IOLMaster Biometry in Children , 2004, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[23]  J. Bailey-Wilson,et al.  Candidate high myopia loci on chromosomes 18p and 12q do not play a major role in susceptibility to common myopia , 2004, BMC Medical Genetics.

[24]  Bernard Gilmartin,et al.  Posterior retinal contour in adult human anisomyopia. , 2004, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[25]  Leslie Hyman,et al.  Accommodation and related risk factors associated with myopia progression and their interaction with treatment in COMET children. , 2004, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[26]  Arthur Bradley,et al.  Validation of a Clinical Shack-Hartmann Aberrometer , 2003, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[27]  J. Wallman,et al.  Potency of myopic defocus in spectacle lens compensation. , 2003, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[28]  Leslie Hyman,et al.  A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. , 2003, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[29]  G. Schmid,et al.  Variability of retinal steepness at the posterior pole in children 7–15 years of age , 2003, Current eye research.

[30]  M. Bullimore,et al.  Ocular Component Measurement Using the Zeiss IOLMaster , 2002, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[31]  Pablo Artal,et al.  Peripheral refractive errors in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects. , 2002, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[32]  M. Edwards,et al.  The Hong Kong progressive lens myopia control study: study design and main findings. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[33]  D. Mutti,et al.  The Effect of Accommodation on Ocular Shape , 2002, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[34]  M. Rosenfield,et al.  Do Progressing Myopes Show Reduced Accommodative Responses? , 2002, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[35]  T. T. Norton,et al.  Baseline refractive and ocular component measures of children enrolled in the correction of myopia evaluation trial (COMET). , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[36]  Andrew R Whatham,et al.  Compensatory changes in eye growth and refraction induced by daily wear of soft contact lenses in young marmosets , 2001, Vision Research.

[37]  L. Cyert,et al.  A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Single-Vision vs. Bifocal Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children with Esophoria , 2000, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[38]  D. Mutti,et al.  AC/A ratio, age, and refractive error in children. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[39]  D. Mutti,et al.  Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[40]  D A Goss,et al.  Relationship of accommodative response and nearpoint phoria in a sample of myopic children. , 1999, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[41]  T T Norton,et al.  Effect of interrupted lens wear on compensation for a minus lens in tree shrews. , 1999, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[42]  W N Charman,et al.  Near vision, lags of accommodation and myopia , 1999, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[43]  D A Goss,et al.  Inter-Examiner Repeatability of Heterophoria Tests , 1998, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[44]  J. Barr,et al.  Comparison of Repeat Videokeratography: Repeatability and Accuracy , 1998, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[45]  K. Schmid,et al.  Differences in the accommodation stimulus response curves of adult myopes and emmetropes , 1998, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[46]  L. Thibos,et al.  Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error , 1997, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[47]  F. Schaeffel,et al.  Local Changes in Eye Growth induced by Imposed Local Refractive Error despite Active Accommodation , 1997, Vision Research.

[48]  K. Schmid,et al.  Effects on the compensatory responses to positive and negative lenses of intermittent lens wear and ciliary nerve section in chicks , 1996, Vision Research.

[49]  Earl L. Smith,et al.  Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[50]  D. Mutti,et al.  Longitudinal evidence of crystalline lens thinning in children. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[51]  T T Norton,et al.  Animal models of emmetropization: matching axial length to the focal plane. , 1995, Journal of the American Optometric Association.

[52]  E. Irving,et al.  Inducing ametropias in hatchling chicks by defocus—Aperture effects and cylindrical lenses , 1995, Vision Research.

[53]  A J Adams,et al.  The effect of cycloplegia on measurement of the ocular components. , 1994, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[54]  R. Held,et al.  Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur. , 1993, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[55]  E. Irving,et al.  Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye , 1992, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[56]  A J Adams,et al.  The repeatability of measurement of the ocular components. , 1992, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[57]  A J Adams,et al.  A video technique for phakometry of the human crystalline lens. , 1992, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[58]  J. Wallman,et al.  Local ocular compensation for imposed local refractive error , 1990, Vision Research.

[59]  Adrian Glasser,et al.  Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens , 1988, Vision Research.

[60]  Goss Da,et al.  Selected review on genetic factors in myopia. , 1988 .

[61]  J. Wallman,et al.  Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. , 1987, Science.

[62]  M Millodot,et al.  THE EFFECT OF REFRACTIVE ERROR ON THE ACCOMMODATIVE RESPONSE GRADIENT * , 1986, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[63]  D. Goss.  Effect of Bifocal Lenses on the Rate of Childhood Myopia Progression , 1986, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[64]  Goss Da,et al.  Trends in the change of clinical refractive error in myopes. , 1985 .

[65]  D. Goss,et al.  Progression of Myopia in Youth: Age of Cessation , 1983, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[66]  M Millodot,et al.  Effect of Ametropia on Peripheral Refraction , 1981, American journal of optometry and physiological optics.

[67]  M. Bullimore,et al.  Steady-state accommodation and ocular biometry in late-onset myopia , 2004, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[68]  D. Mutti,et al.  Optical and structural development of the crystalline lens in childhood. , 1998, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[69]  D. Goss,et al.  Selected review on genetic factors in myopia. , 1988, Journal of the American Optometric Association.

[70]  D. Goss,et al.  Trends in the change of clinical refractive error in myopes. , 1985, Journal of the American Optometric Association.