Restoration of ponderosa pine forests in the interior western U.S. after logging, grazing, and fire suppression

31.1 Introduction 48131.2 Historical fire regimes, stand structures, and landscape characteristics 48331.2.1 Variation in fire regimes and stand structures 48331.2.2 Historical landscape structure 48431.3 Current condition of ponderosa pine forests 48531.4 Restoration goals for ecologically sustainable landscapes 48731.5 Restoration treatment options 48831.6 The concept of a landscape strategy 49031.7 Case examples 49031.7.1 Northern Arizona, U.S.A. — including the Greater Flagstaff ForestsPartnership 49131.7.2 Southwestern Colorado — the Ponderosa Pine Partnership 49231.7.3 East central Colorado — the Upper South Platte Watershed Protection and Restoration Project 49331.7.4 Western Montana — the Lick Creek Demonstration Study 49431.8 Summary 496References 496

[1]  W. Shepperd,et al.  Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado , 1999, Landscape Ecology.

[2]  M. Turner,et al.  Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems , 1994, Landscape Ecology.

[3]  M. M. Moore,et al.  Diversity in Ponderosa Pine Forest Structure Following Ecological Restoration Treatments , 2003, Forest Science.

[4]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Non-native plant invasions in managed and protected ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of the Colorado Front Range , 2003 .

[5]  Peter Friederici,et al.  Ecological Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests , 2003, Ecological Restoration.

[6]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Using tree recruitment patterns and fire history to guide restoration of an unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir landscape in the southern Rocky Mountains after a century of fire suppression , 2003 .

[7]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Identification and ecology of old ponderosa pine trees in the Colorado Front Range , 2003 .

[8]  Peter Z. Fulé,et al.  Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona , 2002 .

[9]  M. Wagner,et al.  Bark beetle community structure under four ponderosa pine forest stand conditions in northern Arizona. , 2002 .

[10]  C. Allen,et al.  ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS: A BROAD PERSPECTIVE , 2002 .

[11]  H. Germaine,et al.  Forest Restoration Treatment Effects on the Nesting Success of Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) , 2002 .

[12]  Philip N. Omi,et al.  Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests , 2002 .

[13]  M. M. Moore,et al.  Natural variability in forests of the Grand Canyon, USA , 2002 .

[14]  Paula J. Fornwalt,et al.  Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator to reconstruct historical stand conditions in the Colorado Front Range , 2002 .

[15]  C. Allen.  Lots of lightning and plenty of people: an ecological history of fire in the upland southwest , 2002 .

[16]  T. Sisk,et al.  Butterfly Response to Microclimatic Conditions Following Ponderosa Pine Restoration , 2001 .

[17]  Peter Z. Fulé,et al.  Measuring forest restoration effectiveness in reducing hazardous fuels , 2001 .

[18]  Thomas T. Veblen,et al.  Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado , 2001 .

[19]  W. Moir,et al.  Understory response to management treatments in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests , 2001 .

[20]  M. Finney.  Design of Regular Landscape Fuel Treatment Patterns for Modifying Fire Growth and Behavior , 2001, Forest Science.

[21]  W. Baker,et al.  Spatial Ecology of Pre –Euro-American Fires in a Southern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forest Landscape , 2001 .

[22]  P. Brown,et al.  Fire history along environmental gradients in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: Influences of local patterns and regional processes , 2001 .

[23]  Paula J. Fornwalt,et al.  Landscape patterns of montane forest age structure relative to fire history at Cheesman Lake in the Colorado Front Range , 2001 .

[24]  C. Moseley,et al.  Problem solving or social change? The Applegate and Grand Canyon Forest Partnerships , 2001 .

[25]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Cheesman Lake-a historical ponderosa pine landscape guiding restoration in the South Platte Watershed of the Colorado Front Range , 2001 .

[26]  D. Cole.  Management dilemmas that will shape wilderness in the 21st century , 2001 .

[27]  T. Kitzberger,et al.  Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. , 2000 .

[28]  D. L. Lynch,et al.  Forest Restoration in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine , 2000 .

[29]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Heterogeneity in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests: age and size structure in unlogged and logged landscapes of central Colorado , 2000 .

[30]  D. Urban,et al.  MODELING THE EFFECTS OF FIRE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES ON SIERRA NEVADA MIXED‐CONIFER FORESTS , 2000 .

[31]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range: long historical fire and tree recruitment intervals and a case for landscape heterogeneity , 2000 .

[32]  M. Salzer.  Dendroclimatology in the San Francisco Peaks region of northern Arizona, USA , 2000 .

[33]  M. M. Moore,et al.  REFERENCE CONDITIONS AND ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: A SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE PERSPECTIVE , 1999 .

[34]  Julio L. Betancourt,et al.  APPLIED HISTORICAL ECOLOGY: USING THE PAST TO MANAGE FOR THE FUTURE , 1999 .

[35]  J. E. Stone,et al.  Water and Nutrient Outflow Following the Ecological Restoration of a Ponderosa Pine‐Bunchgrass Ecosystem , 1999 .

[36]  J. E. Stone,et al.  Effects of Restoration Thinning on Presettlement Pinus ponderosa in Northern Arizona , 1999 .

[37]  M. M. Moore,et al.  RESTORATION OF PRESETTLEMENT AGE STRUCTURE OF AN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE FOREST , 1999 .

[38]  T. Swetnam,et al.  AN ASSESSMENT OF FIRE, CLIMATE, AND APACHE HISTORY IN THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO , 1999 .

[39]  S. Arno,et al.  Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest , 1999 .

[40]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Mesoscale Disturbance and Ecological Response to Decadal Climatic Variability in the American Southwest , 1998 .

[41]  J. Kaye,et al.  ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ALTERS NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN A PONDEROSA PINE-BUNCHGRASS ECOSYSTEM , 1998 .

[42]  T. Kolb,et al.  Influence of thinning and burning restoration treatments on presettlement ponderosa pines at the Gus Pearson Natural Area , 1998 .

[43]  Joe H. Scott.  Fuel reduction in residential and scenic forests: A comparison of three treatments in a western Montana ponderosa pine stand , 1998 .

[44]  J. Keeley,et al.  Evolution of life histories in Pinus , 1998 .

[45]  W. Baker,et al.  Nonequilibrium Dynamics between Catastrophic Disturbances and Old‐Growth Forests in Ponderosa Pine Landscapes of the Black Hills , 1997 .

[46]  M. M. Moore,et al.  DETERMINING REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS , 1997 .

[47]  A. J. Belsky,et al.  Effects of Livestock Grazing on Stand Dynamics and Soils in Upland Forests of the Interior West , 1997 .

[48]  Eric Higgs,et al.  What is Good Ecological Restoration? , 1997 .

[49]  Peter Z. Fulé,et al.  Restoring Ecosystem Health in Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwest , 1997, Journal of Forestry.

[50]  A. Hastings.  Evolution of Life Histories , 1997 .

[51]  Franco Biondi,et al.  Decadal-scale dynamics at the Gus Pearson Natural Areas: evidence for inverse (a)symmetric competition? , 1996 .

[52]  S. Sackett,et al.  Lessons learned from fire use for restoring Southwestern Ponderosa pine ecosystems , 1996 .

[53]  J. Feddema,et al.  The role of climate in a pine forest regeneration pulse in the southwestern United States , 1996 .

[54]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Historical Fire Regime Patterns in the Southwestern United States Since AD 1700 , 1996 .

[55]  M. Kaufmann.  To live fast or not: growth, vigor and longevity of old-growth ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine trees. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[56]  Carolyn Hull Sieg,et al.  Fire history in interior ponderosa pine communities of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA , 1996 .

[57]  Joe H. Scott,et al.  Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Forest Service research paper , 1995 .

[58]  Margaret M. Moore,et al.  Southwestern Ponderosa Forest Structure: Changes Since Euro-American Settlement , 1994, Journal of Forestry.

[59]  James P. Menakis,et al.  Summary of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) management activities in the Lick Creek drainage of the Bitterroot National Forest , 1994 .

[60]  D. Goldblum,et al.  FIRE HISTORY OF A PONDEROSA PINE/DOUGLAS FIR FOREST IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE , 1992 .

[61]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Old-growth forests: what do we know about their ecology and management in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions? , 1992 .

[62]  James K. Agee,et al.  Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in old-growth ponderosa pine , 1991 .

[63]  L. Kullman,et al.  Ecological Change in the Rockies@@@The Colorado Front Range: A Century of Ecological Change. , 1991 .

[64]  W. Romme,et al.  Historical Perspective on the Yellowstone Fires of 1988A reconstruction of prehistoric fire history reveals that comparable fires occurred in the early 1700s , 1989 .

[65]  Alan S. White.  Presettlement regeneration patterns in a southwestern Ponderosa pine stand , 1985 .

[66]  S. Arno,et al.  Indian Fires as an Ecological Influence in the Northern Rockies , 1982, Journal of Forestry.

[67]  W. C. Schmidt,et al.  Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in western Montana: Implicatio , 1982 .

[68]  Charles F. Cooper,et al.  Pattern in Ponderosa Pine Forests , 1961 .

[69]  Charles F. Cooper,et al.  Changes in Vegetation, Structure, and Growth of Southwestern Pine Forests since White Settlement , 1960 .

[70]  Harold R. Weaver.  Fire as an Ecological Factor in the Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests , 1951 .