Dispersion characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings with Gaussian self apodization made with a femtosecond laser in heavily doped Erbium and Ytterbium fibers

Short fiber lasers are increasingly studied due to their applications in communications and sensing1. These lasers require high concentrations of Erbium (Er) and Ytterbium (Yb) that are not compatible with the presence of Germanium (Ge) in the fiber core2. In stark contrast with more conventional fabrication methods, ultrafast lasers now allow for grating inscription within fibers having no Ge doping3. Normally for short gratings the reflected signal dispersion is small and relatively harmless to the operation of long cavities. As cavity length decreases however the signal will tend to travel more and more within the gratings, interacting with them proportionately more often. Hence a thorough understanding of the grating dispersion characteristics becomes even more important. As a result of their physical differences, the characteristics of ultrafast gratings can vary substantially from those produced using more conventional fabrication methods, and it is unknown whether these factors in combination with a high dopant concentration will significantly affect the dispersion properties of such gratings. In this study, Bragg gratings made with infrared (IR) femtosecond radiation and a first order phase mask were inscribed in fibers heavily doped with Er and Yb as well as a pure silica core fiber. Subsequent measurements of the power spectra, group delay and group delay ripple (GDR) are reported herein.

[1]  K. Hill,et al.  Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication , 1978 .

[2]  F. Ouellette.  Dispersion cancellation using linearly chirped Bragg grating filters in optical waveguides. , 1987, Optics letters.

[3]  William W. Morey,et al.  IN-FIBER BRAGG-GRATING SENSORS , 1988 .

[4]  Y. Horiuchi,et al.  Novel chromatic dispersion measurement method over continuous Gigahertz tuning range , 1989 .

[5]  G. Meltz,et al.  Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method. , 1989, Optics letters.

[6]  William W. Morey,et al.  In-fiber Bragg grating tap , 1990 .

[7]  F Ouellette,et al.  Dynamic polarization coupling in elliptical-core photosensitive optical fiber. , 1992, Optics letters.

[8]  Gerald Meltz,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating chemical sensor , 1992, Other Conferences.

[9]  J. Bokor,et al.  Bragg gratings fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask , 1993 .

[10]  Jacques Albert,et al.  Point-by-point fabrication of micro-Bragg gratings in photosensitive fibre using single excimer pulse refractive index modification techniques , 1993 .

[11]  Raman Kashyap,et al.  Wideband gain flattened erbium fibre amplifier using a photosensitive fibre blazed grating , 1993 .

[12]  H. Patrick,et al.  Growth of Bragg gratings produced by continuous-wave ultraviolet light in optical fiber. , 1993, Optics letters.

[13]  Michalis N. Zervas,et al.  Effects of non-ideal group delay and reflection characteristics of chirped fibre grating dispersion compensators , 1997 .

[14]  J. R. Pedrazzani,et al.  Fiber grating optical spectrum analyzer tap , 1997 .

[15]  Liang Dong,et al.  High performance single frequency fiber grating-based erbium/ytterbium-codoped fiber lasers , 1998 .

[16]  S.J. Mihailov,et al.  Comparison of fiber Bragg grating dispersion-compensators made with holographic and e-beam written phase masks , 1998, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[17]  T. Erdogan,et al.  In-line polarimeter using blazed fiber gratings , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[18]  T. Niemi,et al.  Limitations of phase-shift method in measuring dense group delay ripple of fiber Bragg gratings , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[19]  Masataka Nakazawa,et al.  Very low group delay ripple characteristics of fibre Bragg grating with chirp induced by an S-curve bending technique , 2001 .

[20]  Robert B. Walker,et al.  UV-induced polarisation-dependent loss (PDL) in tilted fibre Bragg gratings: application of a PDL equaliser , 2002 .

[21]  Goëry Genty,et al.  New method to improve the accuracy of group delay measurements using the phase-shift technique , 2002 .

[22]  T. Inui,et al.  Group-delay ripple reduction in step-chirped fiber Bragg gratings by using laser-beam written step-chirped phase masks , 2002, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[23]  Miguel A. Muriel,et al.  Growth Modeling of Fiber Gratings: A Numerical Investigation , 2002 .

[24]  B. Eggleton,et al.  Group-delay ripple correction in chirped fiber Bragg gratings. , 2003, Optics letters.

[25]  S.J. Mihailov,et al.  Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) made with a phase mask and 800 nm femtosecond radiation , 2003, OFC 2003 Optical Fiber Communications Conference, 2003..

[26]  Ping Lu,et al.  Fiber bragg gratings made with a phase mask and 800-nm femtosecond radiation. , 2003 .

[27]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Bragg gratings written in all-SiO/sub 2/ and Ge-doped core fibers with 800-nm femtosecond radiation and a phase mask , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[28]  S. Mihailov,et al.  Sapphire fiber Bragg grating sensor made using femtosecond laser radiation for ultrahigh temperature applications , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[29]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Fiber Bragg gratings with suppressed cladding modes made in SMF-28 with a femtosecond IR laser and a phase mask , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[30]  S. Mihailov,et al.  Generation of pure two-beam interference grating structures in an optical fiber with a femtosecond infrared source and a phase mask. , 2004, Optics letters.

[31]  S. Agger,et al.  Single-frequency thulium-doped distributed-feedback fiber laser. , 2004, Optics letters.

[32]  Benjamin J Eggleton,et al.  Effect of group delay ripple on picosecond pulse compression schemes. , 2005, Applied optics.

[33]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Bragg gratings made in reverse proton exchange lithium niobate waveguides with a femtosecond IR laser and a phase mask , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[34]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  Rouard's method modeling of type I-IR fiber Bragg gratings made using an ultrafast IR laser and a phase mask , 2006 .

[35]  Ian Bennion,et al.  Direct inscription of Bragg gratings in coated fibers by an infrared femtosecond laser. , 2006, Optics letters.

[36]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Femtosecond laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in borosilicate ion-exchange waveguides , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[37]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Femtosecond IR Laser Inscription of Bragg Gratings in Single- and Multimode Fluoride Fibers , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[38]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  Bragg gratings made with ultrafast radiation in non-silica glasses; fluoride, phosphate, borosilicate and chalcogenide Bragg gratings , 2007, Photonics North.

[39]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  Efficient grating writing through fibre coating with femtosecond IR radiation and phase mask , 2007 .

[40]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Bragg Gratings Made With a Femtosecond Laser in Heavily Doped Er–Yb Phosphate Glass Fiber , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[41]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  1.5 cm long single mode fiber laser made by femtosecond exposure of heavily doped erbium-ytterbium fiber , 2007, Photonics North.

[42]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  Bragg gratings made with ultrafast radiation in crystal waveguides: lithium niobate, sapphire and YAG Bragg gratings , 2007, Photonics North.