Funktionen zur Orientierung in einem virtuellen, kollaborativen Wörterbuch (ENFORUM) - theoretische Grundlagen und Implementierung

Hypermediale Formen der Wissensrepräsentation weisen interessante Merkmale auf, die für die Informationslokalisierung bei unsicherer Bedarfssituation oder einer nur interessegeleiteten Arbeit von hoher Bedeutung sind. Jedoch sind im Zusammenhang mit der assoziativen Präsentation von Inhalten und fehlenden Merkmalen konventioneller Medien, auch Nachteile durch Orientierungsverlust, kognitive Überlastung und der Unfähigkeit der Lokalisierung bekannter oder unbekannter Inhalte zu verzeichnen. Orientierungs− und Navigationsmittel sind eine Möglichkeit diese Probleme zu mindern. In dieser Arbeit werden nach der grundlegenden Erörterung kognitiver Aspekte und der Ableitung von Erkenntnissen aus der Orientierung und Navigation in der Realwelt, mögliche Ausprägungen von Orientierungsmitteln in einer Taxonomie gegenübergestellt und eingeordnet. Aspekte des Einsatzes einzelner Ausprägungen und der Möglichkeiten für die Visualisierung von grafikbasierten Orientierungsmitteln wurden besonders expliziert. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird in Hinblick auf die Ergänzung von Orientierungsfunktionen für das virtuelle, kollaborative Wörterbuch ENFORUM eine Auswahl möglicher Orientierungsmittel analysiert und bezüglich der an sie gestellten Anforderungen spezifiziert. Mögliche Vorgehensweisen und technische Grundlagen einer Implementierung werden erarbeitet. Schließlich wird die Implementierung einer Auswahl der spezifizierten Orientierungsformen für die Verwendung mit dem Wörterbuchsystem ENFORUM beschrieben.

[1]  John A. Waterworth,et al.  Effects of desktop 3D world design on user navigation and search performance , 2000, 2000 IEEE Conference on Information Visualization. An International Conference on Computer Visualization and Graphics.

[2]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[3]  David Modjeska Navigation in Electronic Worlds : Research Review for Depth Oral Exam , 1997 .

[4]  Keith S. Jones,et al.  Mental Representations of Hypermedia: An Evaluation of the Spatial Assumption , 2001 .

[5]  Lynda Hardman,et al.  'Lost in Hyperspace': Cognitive Mapping and Navigation in a Hypertext Environment , 1999, UK Hypertext.

[6]  Harald Reiterer,et al.  Tools for Working with Guidelines in Different Interface Design Approaches , 2000, TFWWG.

[7]  Ivan Herman,et al.  An object‐oriented design for graph visualization , 2001, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[8]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  An exploratory evaluation of three interfaces for browsing large hierarchical tables of contents , 1994, TOIS.

[9]  David G. Durand,et al.  MAPA: a system for inducing and visualizing hierarchy in Websites , 1998, HYPERTEXT '98.

[10]  John Riedl,et al.  GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of netnews , 1994, CSCW '94.

[11]  Paul Resnick,et al.  Recommender systems , 1997, CACM.

[12]  Tadao Ichikawa,et al.  Structured Graph Format: XML Metadata for Describing Web Site Structure , 1998, Comput. Networks.

[13]  Alan Wexelblat,et al.  Virtual reality applications and explorations , 1993 .

[14]  R. Young Surrogates and mappings: two kinds of conceptual models for interactive , 1983 .

[15]  Benjamin D. Brunk Overview and Preview Tools For Navigating the World-Wide Web , 1999 .

[16]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  The eyes have it: a task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations , 1996, Proceedings 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages.

[17]  James D. Hollan,et al.  Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics , 1994, UIST '94.

[18]  Mary Beth Rosson,et al.  Paradox of the active user , 1987 .

[19]  Rudy Darken,et al.  Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds , 1996, CHI.

[20]  G. A. Miller THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[21]  Andy Cockburn,et al.  3D or not 3D?: evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system , 2001, CHI.

[22]  Matthew Chalmers,et al.  The Order of Things: Activity-Centred Information Access, , 1998, Comput. Networks.

[23]  Frank G. Halasz,et al.  Reflections on NoteCards: seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems , 1987, CACM.

[24]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  The art of navigating through hypertext , 1990, CACM.

[25]  Randall H. Trigg Guided tours and tabletops: tools for communicating in a hypertext environment , 1988, TOIS.

[26]  Richard Chapman,et al.  Using graph parsing for automatic graph drawing , 1998, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A.

[27]  L. C. Vroomen,et al.  Cheops: a compact explorer for complex hierarchies , 1996, Proceedings of Seventh Annual IEEE Visualization '96.

[28]  Carolyn L. Foss,et al.  Tools for reading and browsing hypertext , 1989, Inf. Process. Manag..

[29]  Mike Fraser,et al.  Social Navigation of Information Space: a review , 2001 .

[30]  William E. Jones How Do We Distinguish the Hyper from the Hype in Non-linear Text! , 1987 .

[31]  Hiroyuki Kitagawa,et al.  Dynamic Generation and Browsing of Virtual WWW Space Based on User Profiles , 1999, ICSC.

[32]  Warren Sack,et al.  Conversation Map: An Interface for Very Large-Scale Conversations , 2000, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[33]  Pattie Maes,et al.  Footprints: history-rich tools for information foraging , 1999, CHI '99.

[34]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[35]  Jeff Conklin,et al.  Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey , 1987, Computer.

[36]  Reinhard Oppermann,et al.  Adaptive user support: ergonomic design of manually and automatically adaptable software , 1994 .

[37]  John M. Carroll,et al.  Metaphor, computing systems, and active learning , 1999, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[38]  George W. Furnas,et al.  Semnet: three-dimensional graphic representa-tions of large knowledge bases , 1990 .

[39]  Jock D. Mackinlay,et al.  Fluid links for informed and incremental link transitions , 1998, HYPERTEXT '98.

[40]  Doug Kimelman,et al.  Reduction of Visual Complexity in Dynamic Graphs , 1994, Graph Drawing.

[41]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  Multimedia and Hypertext: The Internet and Beyond , 1995 .

[42]  Michael J. Pazzani,et al.  Learning and Revising User Profiles: The Identification of Interesting Web Sites , 1997, Machine Learning.

[43]  David Turo,et al.  Improving the visualization of hierarchies with treemaps: design issues and experimentation , 1992, Proceedings Visualization '92.

[44]  Douglas W. Oard,et al.  The State of the Art in Text Filtering , 1997, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction.

[45]  Mark Green,et al.  The Information Cube: Using Transparency in 3D Information Visualization , 1993 .

[46]  John Q. Walker,et al.  A node‐positioning algorithm for general trees , 1990, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[47]  Manojit Sarkar,et al.  Graphical fisheye views of graphs , 1992, CHI.

[48]  Keith Andrews,et al.  A New Approach to Visualising Large Hierarchies , 1997 .

[49]  Alfred Kobsa,et al.  KN-AHS: an adaptive hypertext client of the user modeling system BGP-MS , 1998 .

[50]  Polle Zellweger,et al.  Scripted documents: a hypermedia path mechanism , 1989, Hypertext.

[51]  Yoav Shoham,et al.  Fab: content-based, collaborative recommendation , 1997, CACM.

[52]  Stanley R. Parkinson,et al.  Effects of Breadth, Depth and Number of Responses on Computer Menu Search Performance , 1988, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[53]  James McKee,et al.  Towards Zero-Input Personalization: Referrer-Based Page Prediction , 2000, AH.

[54]  Keith Andrews Browsing, Building, and Beholding Cyberspace: New Approaches to the Navigation, Construction, and Visualisation of Hypermedia on the Internet , 1996 .

[55]  Umeshwar Dayal,et al.  From User Access Patterns to Dynamic Hypertext Linking , 1996, Comput. Networks.

[56]  Douglas B. Terry,et al.  Using collaborative filtering to weave an information tapestry , 1992, CACM.

[57]  Jörg M. Haake,et al.  Hypermedia and cognition: designing for comprehension , 1995, CACM.

[58]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Navigating in hyperspace: designing a structure-based toolbox , 1994, CACM.

[59]  Jock D. Mackinlay,et al.  Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information , 1991, CHI.

[60]  Harald Reiterer,et al.  Case Study: A Combined Visualization Approach for WWW-Search Results , 1999 .

[61]  Simon Buckingham Shum,et al.  Real and Virtual Spaces: Mapping from Spatial Cognition to Hypertext , 1990, Hypermedia.

[62]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Tree-maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures , 1991, Proceeding Visualization '91.

[63]  D. Norman,et al.  User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction , 1988 .

[64]  Thomas W. Malone,et al.  Intelligent Information Sharing Systems , 1986 .

[65]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. , 1977 .

[66]  George Furnas,et al.  The FISHEYE view: A new look at structured files , 1986, CHI 1986.

[67]  Hans Peter Luhn,et al.  A Business Intelligence System , 1958, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[68]  Freimut Bodendorf,et al.  Benutzermodelle - ein konzeptioneller Überblick , 1992, Wirtschaftsinf..

[69]  Bamshad Mobasher WebPersonalizer: A Server-Side Recommender System Based on Web Usage Mining , 2000 .

[70]  Elmer Sandvad,et al.  A metro map metaphor for guided tours on the Web: the Webvise guided tour system , 2001, WWW '01.

[71]  Ivan Herman,et al.  GraphXML: an XML based graph interchange format , 2000 .

[72]  Benjamin B. Bederson,et al.  Space-scale diagrams: understanding multiscale interfaces , 1995, CHI '95.

[73]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Some observations on mental models , 1987 .

[74]  Nick Hammond,et al.  The Travel Metaphor as Design Principle and Training Aid for Navigating around Complex Systems , 1987, BCS HCI.

[75]  Ivan Herman,et al.  Graph Visualization and Navigation in Information Visualization: A Survey , 2000, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[76]  Richard Chimera Value bars: an information visualization and navigation tool for multi-attribute listings , 1992, CHI '92.

[77]  Keith Andrews,et al.  Looking inside VRwave: the architecture and interface of the VRwave VRML97 browser , 1998, VRML '98.

[78]  Elaine Rich Users are individuals: individualizing user models , 1999, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[79]  Warren Sack,et al.  Discourse diagrams: interface design for very large-scale conversations , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[80]  Alfred Kobsa,et al.  Personalised hypermedia presentation techniques for improving online customer relationships , 2001, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[81]  Gary Marchionini,et al.  Visualizing websites using a hierarchical table of contents browser:WebTOC , 1998 .

[82]  Mark H. Chignell,et al.  A Model for Information Exploration , 1991, Hypermedia.

[83]  T. Joachims WebWatcher : A Tour Guide for the World Wide Web , 1997 .

[84]  Saul Greenberg,et al.  Navigating hierarchically clustered networks through fisheye and full-zoom methods , 1996, TCHI.

[85]  Christos Bouras,et al.  Introducing Navigation Graphs as a Technique for Improving WWW User Browsing , 2001, WAIM.

[86]  Norman G. Vinson,et al.  Design guidelines for landmarks to support navigation in virtual environments , 1999, CHI '99.

[87]  Jean-Marc Robert LEARNING A COMPUTER SYSTEM BY UNASSISTED EXPLORATION , 1987 .

[88]  Ferjan Ormeling,et al.  Mapping Cyberspace: Visualizing, Analysing and Exploring Virtual Worlds , 2000 .

[89]  David A. Carr,et al.  A cognitive classification framework for 3-dimensional information visualization , 1998 .

[90]  Hanhwe Kim,et al.  Spatial metaphors and disorientation in hypertext browsing , 1995, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[91]  Mario Cannataro,et al.  A Multidimensional Approach for Modelling and Supporting Adaptive Hypermedia Systems , 2001, EC-Web.

[92]  Ioannis G. Tollis,et al.  Algorithms for Drawing Graphs: an Annotated Bibliography , 1988, Comput. Geom..

[93]  Sougata Mukherjea,et al.  Focus+context views of World-Wide Web nodes , 1997, HYPERTEXT '97.

[94]  Andreas Dieberger,et al.  Social Connotations of Space in the Design for Virtual Communities and Social Navigation , 2003, Designing Information Spaces.

[95]  Neville A. Stanton,et al.  Maps as Navigational Aids in Hypertext Environments: An Empirical Evaluation. , 1992 .

[96]  Mary Czerwinski,et al.  An initial examination of ease of use for 2D and 3D information visualizations of web content , 2000, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[97]  Wendy Hall,et al.  A Study Comparing the Use of Shaded Text and Adaptive Navigational Support in Adaptive Hypermedia , 2000, AH.

[98]  Shumin Zhai,et al.  Representation Matters: The Effect of 3D Objects and a Spatial Metaphor in a Graphical User Interface , 1998, BCS HCI.

[99]  George H. Collier,et al.  Thoth-II: hypertext with explicit semantics , 1987, Hypertext.

[100]  K. Höök,et al.  Spatial cognition in the mind and in the world - the case of hypermedia navigation , 1996 .

[101]  Nicole Yankelovich,et al.  Context and orientation in hypermedia networks , 1989, TOIS.

[102]  Michael F. Mohageg The Influence of Hypertext Linking Structures on the Efficiency of Information Retrieval , 1992 .

[103]  George W. Furnas,et al.  Workshop on navigation in electronic worlds , 1997, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[104]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Readings in information visualization - using vision to think , 1999 .

[105]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Space is the machine , 1996 .

[106]  J. Harvey Cognition, social behavior, and the environment , 1981 .

[107]  David Morrison,et al.  Xml powered by domino: how to use xml with lotus domino , 2000 .

[108]  Pontus Norman a study of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) , 1999 .

[109]  Kim Michael Fairchild Information Management Using Virtual Reality-Based Visualizations , 1993 .

[110]  Hermann A. Maurer,et al.  The Hyper-G Network Information System , 1996 .

[111]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Workshop on personalized and social navigation in information space , 1998 .

[112]  Susan T. Dumais,et al.  The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name , 1986, TOIS.

[113]  Andy Cockburn,et al.  A study of navigational support provided by two World Wide Web browsing applications , 1996, HYPERTEXT '96.

[114]  A. Kobsa User Modeling : Recent Work , Prospects and Hazards , 1993 .

[115]  Marc Rittberger,et al.  Ein Navigationsassistent für das World Wide Web , 1998, ISI.

[116]  Kai-Mikael Jää-Aro,et al.  A subjective Virtual Environment for collaborative information visualization , 1997 .

[117]  Eser Kandogan,et al.  Elastic Windows: a hierarchical multi-window World-Wide Web browser , 1997, UIST '97.

[118]  Peter Dömel,et al.  WebMap: A Graphical Hypertext Navigation Tool , 1995, Comput. Networks ISDN Syst..

[119]  Joyce H. D. M. Westerink,et al.  Interacting with infotainment applications: Navigation patterns and mental models , 2000, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[120]  Ramana Rao,et al.  A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies , 1995, CHI '95.

[121]  Tomás Isakowitz,et al.  RMM: a methodology for structured hypermedia design , 1995, CACM.

[122]  Frank M. Shipman,et al.  Hypertext paths and the World-Wide Web: experiences with Walden's Paths , 1997, HYPERTEXT '97.

[123]  Frank M. Shipman,et al.  Beyond location: hypertext workspaces and non-linear views , 1999, HYPERTEXT '99.

[124]  Steven Feiner Seeing the forest for the trees: hierarchical displays of hypertext structures , 1988 .

[125]  David A. Carr,et al.  An empirical study of task support in 3D information visualizations , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Information Visualization (Cat. No. PR00210).

[126]  Peter Brusilovsky,et al.  Isis-tutor: An Intelligent Learning Environment for Cds/Isis users , 1994 .

[127]  Lyn Bartram,et al.  The continuous zoom: a constrained fisheye technique for viewing and navigating large information spaces , 1995, UIST '95.

[128]  H. Van Dyke Parunak,et al.  Hypermedia topologies and user navigation , 1989, Hypertext.

[129]  Marc M. Sebrechts,et al.  Visualization of search results: a comparative evaluation of text, 2D, and 3D interfaces , 1999, SIGIR '99.

[130]  Paul Dourish,et al.  Running Out of Space: Models of Information Navigation , 1999 .

[131]  Mark A. Neerincx,et al.  Support concepts for Web navigation: a cognitive engineering approach , 2001, WWW '01.

[132]  R. Kuhlen Hypertext : ein nicht-lineares Medium zwischen Buch und Wissensbank , 1991 .

[133]  Stephen G. Eick,et al.  Seesoft-A Tool For Visualizing Line Oriented Software Statistics , 1992, IEEE Trans. Software Eng..

[134]  Mary Czerwinski,et al.  Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management , 1998, UIST '98.

[135]  Jürg Nievergelt Errors in dialog design and how to avoid them , 1982 .