An Enhanced Energy-Aware Cluster-Based Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

Despite the wide improvement in wireless sensor networks, energy consumption is still considered as the most important challenge in this kind of network. Previous research studies have shown that a routing algorithm based on clustering could be a perfect solution to solve this problem. In this regard, an optimized routing algorithm based on consciously distribution of cluster heads and their load balancing has been suggested in this study. Initially, the network is divided into cells by the algorithm. Then, the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal number of nodes. In other words, after placement of the nodes in the environment, given that the base station is aware of the energy of remaining nodes, the chromosome length is set equal to the number of nodes that their residual energy in a specific area is greater than the average energy of neighboring nodes in the same specified area. Therefore, the chromosome length is reduced and we will move with a faster convergence in reaching the optimal solution. On the other hand, due to the low speed of the genetic algorithm in facing with larger networks after determining the cluster heads in each chromosome, those points are sent as initial points for the K-Means algorithm and this algorithm provides high-speed clustering process. Simulation results using NS2 tool showed that significant improvement has been achieved by using the proposed algorithm in increasing life time, throughput, residual energy and in decreasing delay of network compared to the two similar algorithms.

[1]  Dariush Khezrimotlagh,et al.  Efficient P2P Live Video Streaming Over Hybrid WMNs Using Random Network Coding , 2015, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[2]  Gulshan Kumar,et al.  An energy efficient and optimized load balanced localization method using CDS with one-hop neighbourhood and genetic algorithm in WSNs , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[3]  Xiaohui Yuan,et al.  Extending self-organizing network availability using genetic algorithm , 2014, Fifth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT).

[4]  Cesare Alippi,et al.  An Adaptive System for Optimal Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network Nodes , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[5]  Sabah M. Ahmed,et al.  A New Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering Protocol Based on Genetic Algorithm for Improving the Lifetime and the Stable Period of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[6]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[7]  Ioannis G. Tsoulos,et al.  PDoublePop: An implementation of parallel genetic algorithm for function optimization , 2016, Comput. Phys. Commun..

[8]  Ashish Christian,et al.  Lifetime prolonging in LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP).

[9]  Sahibzada Ali Mahmud,et al.  A Survey of Cluster-based Routing Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, Smart Comput. Rev..

[10]  Mahmoud Naghibzadeh,et al.  A distributed clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2014, 2014 6th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology (IKT).

[11]  Santar Pal Singh,et al.  A Survey on Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015 .

[12]  Mikdam Turkey,et al.  HACH: Heuristic Algorithm for Clustering Hierarchy protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2017, Appl. Soft Comput..

[13]  Ado Adamou Abba Ari,et al.  A power efficient cluster-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks: Honeybees swarm intelligence based approach , 2016, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[14]  Jae-Young Pyun,et al.  Dynamic clustering and distance aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2009, PE-WASUN '09.

[15]  Cristina Cano,et al.  Carrier sense multiple access with enhanced collision avoidance: a performance analysis , 2009, IWCMC.

[16]  David Laiymani,et al.  K-means based clustering approach for data aggregation in periodic sensor networks , 2014, 2014 IEEE 10th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob).

[17]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[18]  Sachin Gajjar,et al.  FAMACROW: Fuzzy and ant colony optimization based combined mac, routing, and unequal clustering cross-layer protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2016, Appl. Soft Comput..

[19]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[20]  Khalid A. Darabkh,et al.  Hierarchical clustering using genetic algorithm in wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 36th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO).

[21]  Behrang Barekatain,et al.  An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on New Combination of Genetic Algorithm & k-means☆ , 2015 .

[22]  Lin Shen,et al.  A New Kind of Cluster-based Key Management Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.

[23]  Fahed Awad,et al.  Energy-Efficient and Coverage-Aware Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012 .

[24]  Shivani Goel,et al.  A genetic algorithm based distance-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2016, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[25]  Rahul Sharma,et al.  Solving symmetric eigenvalue problem via genetic algorithms: Serial versus parallel implementation , 2011, Appl. Soft Comput..

[26]  Roohie Naaz Mir,et al.  Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks- A Survey , 2016 .

[27]  Wei Zhang,et al.  A survey on intelligent routing protocols in wireless sensor networks , 2014, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[28]  Neeraj Kumar,et al.  A systematic review on clustering and routing techniques based upon LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2013, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[29]  Wei Peng,et al.  K-Means Like Minimum Mean Distance Algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology.

[30]  Daeyoung Park,et al.  Coordinating transmit power and carrier phase for wireless networks with multi-packet reception capability , 2013, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[31]  Dirk Timmermann,et al.  Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection , 2002, 4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network.

[32]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  A Path-Connected-Cluster Wireless Sensor Network and Its Formation, Addressing, and Routing Protocols , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[33]  Mohammad Shokouhifar,et al.  Swarm intelligence based fuzzy routing protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks , 2016, Expert Syst. Appl..

[34]  Sipra Das Bit,et al.  Enhancement of wireless sensor network lifetime by deploying heterogeneous nodes , 2014, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[35]  Guangwei Bai,et al.  Routing in wireless multimedia sensor networks: A survey and challenges ahead , 2016, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[36]  Selim Bayrakli,et al.  Genetic Algorithm Based Energy Efficient Clusters (GABEEC) in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, ANT/MobiWIS.

[37]  Behrang Barekatain,et al.  Comparison on Energy-efficient Cluster Based Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Network , 2015 .

[38]  Alfonso Ariza-Quintana,et al.  GREENIE: a novel hybrid routing protocol for efficient video streaming over wireless mesh networks , 2013, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[39]  M. El-Sayed Wahed,et al.  An Enhancement Approach for Reducing the Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2017, J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci..

[40]  Vinod Kumar Verma,et al.  Analysis of scalability for AODV routing protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2014 .

[41]  T. Subhashini,et al.  Minimization of Power Consumption in Mobile Adhoc Networks , 2014 .

[42]  Mohd Aizaini Maarof,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Live Video Streaming over Wireless Mesh Networks , 2013 .

[43]  Girdhari Singh,et al.  Cluster Head Selection Optimization Based on Genetic Algorithm to Prolong Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015 .

[44]  Noor Zaman,et al.  Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Wireless Sensor Network through the Design of Energy Efficient Routing Protocol , 2016, J. Sensors.

[45]  Networks Shio,et al.  A Survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor , 2010 .

[46]  David S. Johnson,et al.  Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness , 1978 .

[47]  Yiannis Andreopoulos,et al.  Distributed time division multiple access protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks , 2015, TENCON 2015 - 2015 IEEE Region 10 Conference.