Biocomposites of covalently linked glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes for glucose biosensor

The formation of covalently linked composites of multi–walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and glucose oxidase (GOD) with high-function density for use as a biosensing interface is described. The reaction intermediates and the final product were characterized by using FT–IR spectroscopy, and the MWCNT-coated GOD nanocomposites were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, it was found that the GOD–MWCNT composites are highly water soluble. Electrochemical characterization of the GOD–MWCNT composites that were modified on a glassy carbon electrode shows that the covalently linked GOD retains its bioactivity and can specifically catalyze the oxidation of glucose. The oxidation current shows a linear dependence on the glucose concentration in the solution in the range of 0.5–40 mM with a detection limit of 30 μM and a detection sensitivity of 11.3 μA/mMcm2. The present method may provide a way to synthesize MWCNT related composites with other biomolecules and for the construction of enzymatic reaction-based biofuel cells and biosensors.

[1]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Biomolecule-functionalized carbon nanotubes: applications in nanobioelectronics. , 2004, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[2]  F. Scheller,et al.  Electroactive cytochrome c multilayers within a polyelectrolyte assembly. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  Jason E. Riggs,et al.  Optical limiting properties of suspended and solubilized carbon nanotubes , 2000 .

[4]  S. Yoon,et al.  A novel multi-walled carbon nanotube-based biosensor for glucose detection. , 2003, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[5]  E. Katz,et al.  Nanoparticle arrays on surfaces for electronic, optical, and sensor applications. , 2000, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[6]  M. Prato,et al.  Can Carbon Nanotubes be Considered Useful Tools for Biological Applications? , 2003 .

[7]  Jason E. Riggs,et al.  Strong Luminescence of Solubilized Carbon Nanotubes , 2000 .

[8]  D. Astruc,et al.  Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[9]  Sarah E. Baker,et al.  Covalently Bonded Adducts of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Oligonucleotides with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Hybridization , 2002 .

[10]  Kim,et al.  Multilayered assembly of dendrimers with enzymes on gold: thickness-controlled biosensing interface , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  M. Shim,et al.  Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Biocompatibility and Biomolecular Recognition , 2002 .

[12]  Jing Chen,et al.  Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase promoted by carbon nanotubes. , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[13]  H. S. Kim,et al.  Functionalization of a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer with ferrocenyls and its application to the construction of a reagentless enzyme electrode. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[14]  Cees Dekker,et al.  Nanotechnology: Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition , 2002, Nature.

[15]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Helical Crystallization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes: A First Step towards the Development of New Biosensors. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[16]  Malcolm L. H. Green,et al.  Bioelectrochemical single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  C. Bourdillon,et al.  Covalent linkage of glucose oxidase on modified glassy carbon electrodes. Kinetic phenomena , 1980 .

[18]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Electroanalytical and Bioelectroanalytical Systems Based on Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles , 2004 .

[19]  Dusan Losic,et al.  Protein electrochemistry using aligned carbon nanotube arrays. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  L. Nie,et al.  Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode. , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[21]  Ya‐Ping Sun,et al.  Attaching Proteins to Carbon Nanotubes via Diimide-Activated Amidation , 2002 .

[22]  Adam Heller,et al.  Electron Transfer between Glucose Oxidase and Electrodes via Redox Mediators Bound with Flexible Chains to the Enzyme Surface , 1991 .

[23]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Long-range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[24]  H. Dai,et al.  Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  Jason J. Davis,et al.  The immobilisation of proteins in carbon nanotubes , 1998 .

[26]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Ensembles , 2004 .

[27]  Hongjie Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges , 2002 .

[28]  P. Sadler,et al.  Immobilization and Visualization of DNA and Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes , 1998 .

[29]  James F. Rusling,et al.  Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single-wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes , 2003 .