Comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
暂无分享,去创建一个
G. Christophides | F. Kafatos | D. Vlachou | George K. Christophides | Dina Vlachou | Fotis C. Kafatos
[1] R. Silverstein,et al. Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein II Binds Thrombospondin-1 , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[2] N. Baker,et al. Functional analysis of the fibrinogen-related scabrous gene from Drosophila melanogaster identifies potential effector and stimulatory protein domains. , 1998, Genetics.
[3] K. Tryggvason,et al. The macrophage receptor MARCO. , 2000, Microbes and infection.
[4] S. Govind,et al. Cellular immune response to parasite infection in the Drosophila lymph gland is developmentally regulated. , 2002, Developmental biology.
[5] S. Hernández-Martínez,et al. Cellular-Mediated Reactions to Foreign Organisms Inoculated into the Hemocoel of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) , 2002, Journal of medical entomology.
[6] C. Janeway,et al. Innate immune recognition. , 2002, Annual review of immunology.
[7] F. Kafatos,et al. Innate immune defense against malaria infection in the mosquito. , 2001, Current opinion in immunology.
[8] N. Perrimon,et al. Sequential activation of signaling pathways during innate immune responses in Drosophila. , 2002, Developmental cell.
[9] M. Wilcox,et al. A Drosophila gene encoding an epithelial membrane protein with homology to CD36/LIMP II. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.
[10] B. Lemaître,et al. Inducible Expression of Double-Stranded RNA Reveals a Role for dFADD in the Regulation of the Antibacterial Response in Drosophila Adults , 2002, Current Biology.
[11] K. Anderson. Pinning Down Positional Information Dorsal–Ventral Polarity in the Drosophila Embryo , 1998, Cell.
[12] F. Collins,et al. Ultrastructure of the encapsulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi (B strain) on the midgut of a refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae. , 1988, The Journal of parasitology.
[13] M. Ferdig,et al. Biochemical pathway of melanotic encapsulation of Brugia malayi in the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus. , 1995, Developmental and comparative immunology.
[14] T. Jomori,et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA for lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from the hemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Similarity of the protein with animal lectins and its acute phase expression. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.
[15] S. Govind,et al. A role for the Drosophila Toll/Cactus pathway in larval hematopoiesis. , 1998, Development.
[16] F. Kafatos,et al. Cloning and Characterization of Four Anopheles gambiae Serpin Isoforms, Differentially Induced in the Midgut by Plasmodium berghei Invasion* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[17] M. Belvin,et al. A serpin mutant links Toll activation to melanization in the host defence of Drosophila , 2002, The EMBO journal.
[18] Tom Maniatis,et al. Caspase-mediated processing of the Drosophila NF-κB factor Relish , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[19] U. Holmskov,et al. Cloning of a Novel Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Type I Transmembrane Molecule (M160) Expressed by Human Macrophages1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.
[20] Antony Rodriguez,et al. The Drosophila caspase Dredd is required to resist Gram‐negative bacterial infection , 2000, EMBO reports.
[21] J. Koella,et al. Melanization of Plasmodium falciparum and C-25 Sephadex Beads by Field-Caught Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Southern Tanzania , 2002, Journal of medical entomology.
[22] A. James,et al. Engineering blood meal-activated systemic immunity in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[23] B. Joris,et al. NMR structure of Citrobacter freundii AmpD, comparison with bacteriophage T7 lysozyme and homology with PGRP domains. , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.
[24] T. Köcher,et al. Reverse genetics in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: targeted disruption of the Defensin gene , 2002, EMBO reports.
[25] H. G. Boman,et al. Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts , 2003, Journal of internal medicine.
[26] J. Imler,et al. Biology of Toll receptors: lessons from insects and mammals , 2004, Journal of leukocyte biology.
[27] R. Sakai,et al. Genetic selection of a Plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. , 1986, Science.
[28] J. Zhang,et al. Characterization of three Toll‐like genes from mosquito Aedes aegypti , 2003, Insect molecular biology.
[29] Xiaolu Yang,et al. dFADD, a Novel Death Domain-containing Adapter Protein for theDrosophila Caspase DREDD* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[30] T. Michel,et al. Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein , 2001, Nature.
[31] Andrea Crisanti,et al. Stable germline transformation of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi , 2000, Nature.
[32] F. Catteruccia,et al. Impact of Genetic Manipulation on the Fitness of Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes , 2003, Science.
[33] Peer Bork,et al. Comparative Genome and Proteome Analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster , 2002, Science.
[34] R. Sinden. Molecular interactions between Plasmodium and its insect vectors , 2002, Cellular microbiology.
[35] W. Weis,et al. The C‐type lectin superfamily in the immune system , 1998, Immunological reviews.
[36] B. Lemaître,et al. Gram-negative Bacteria-binding Protein, a Pattern Recognition Receptor for Lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-Glucan That Mediates the Signaling for the Induction of Innate Immune Genes in Drosophila melanogaster Cells* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[37] T. Aigaki,et al. Overexpression of a pattern-recognition receptor, peptidoglycan-recognition protein-LE, activates imd/relish-mediated antibacterial defense and the prophenoloxidase cascade in Drosophila larvae , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[38] M. Ashburner,et al. Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila. , 1999, Science.
[39] R. Sinden,et al. The dynamics of interactions between Plasmodium and the mosquito: a study of the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium gallinaceum, and their transmission by Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. , 2003, International journal for parasitology.
[40] N. Perrimon,et al. The roles of the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway , 2000, Oncogene.
[41] V. Corces,et al. The role of selectins in Drosophila eye and bristle development. , 1997, Development.
[42] I. Andó,et al. Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[43] M. Rämet,et al. Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli , 2002, Nature.
[44] Y. Vodovotz,et al. The mosquito Anopheles stephensi limits malaria parasite development with inducible synthesis of nitric oxide. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[45] R. Ulevitch,et al. Purification and molecular cloning of an inducible gram-negative bacteria-binding protein from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[46] A. Handler,et al. Germ‐line transformation of the South American malaria vector, Anopheles albimanus, with a piggyBac/EGFP transposon vector is routine and highly efficient , 2002, Insect molecular biology.
[47] B. Lemaître,et al. The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition , 2003, Nature Immunology.
[48] A. Ghosh,et al. Bee Venom Phospholipase Inhibits Malaria Parasite Development in Transgenic Mosquitoes* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[49] Charles A. Janeway,et al. Decoding the Patterns of Self and Nonself by the Innate Immune System , 2002, Science.
[50] P. Bork,et al. Anopheles gambiae pilot gene discovery project: identification of mosquito innate immunity genes from expressed sequence tags generated from immune-competent cell lines. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[51] S. Meister,et al. The role of reactive oxygen species on Plasmodium melanotic encapsulation in Anopheles gambiae , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[52] C. Peixoto,et al. Immune defense mechanisms of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) against Candida albicans infection. , 2000, Journal of invertebrate pathology.
[53] M. Riehle,et al. Response of Plasmodium refractory and susceptible strains of Anopheles gambiae to inoculated Sephadex beads. , 1994, Developmental and comparative immunology.
[54] T. Hummel,et al. Characterization of a novel Drosophila melanogaster galectin. Expression in developing immune, neural, and muscle tissues. , 2002, The Journal of biological chemistry.
[55] C. Laurent‐Winter,et al. Two‐dimensional gel analysis of midgut proteins of Anopheles stephensi lines with different susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection , 1998, Insect molecular biology.
[56] A. Aderem,et al. Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. , 1999, Annual review of immunology.
[57] D. Hultmark. Drosophila immunity: paths and patterns. , 2003, Current opinion in immunology.
[58] Norbert Perrimon,et al. Signaling role of hemocytes in Drosophila JAK/STAT-dependent response to septic injury. , 2003, Developmental cell.
[59] Haobo Jiang,et al. Molecular cloning of cDNAs for two pro-phenol oxidase subunits from the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. , 1997, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[60] M. Capovilla,et al. Constitutive expression of a complement-like protein in toll and JAK gain-of-function mutants of Drosophila. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[61] D. Hultmark,et al. Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity , 1981, Nature.
[62] J. Xu,et al. Genes identified by an expression screen of the vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae display differential molecular immune response to malaria parasites and bacteria. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[63] F. Kafatos,et al. Malaria infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae activates immune‐responsive genes during critical transition stages of the parasite life cycle , 1998, The EMBO journal.
[64] K. Anderson,et al. Requirement for a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) in Relish Activation and Antibacterial Immune Responses in Drosophila , 2002, Science.
[65] F. Kafatos,et al. Inducible immune factors of the vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae: biochemical purification of a defensin antibacterial peptide and molecular cloning of preprodefensin cDNA , 1996, Insect molecular biology.
[66] T. Ponnudurai,et al. Selection of Anopheles stephensi for refractoriness and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum , 1989, Medical and veterinary entomology.
[67] M. Elrod-Erickson,et al. Interactions between the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila , 2000, Current Biology.
[68] J. Imler,et al. Toll and Toll-like receptors in Drosophila. , 2003, Biochemical Society transactions.
[69] S. Gordon,et al. The role of scavenger receptors in the innate immune system. , 2000, Microbes and infection.
[70] A. Nappi,et al. Hydrogen peroxide production in immune-reactive Drosophila melanogaster. , 1998, The Journal of parasitology.
[71] Meredith E. Protas,et al. Identification of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins required for efficient phagocytosis in Drosophila. , 2003, Microbes and infection.
[72] F. Kafatos,et al. Molecular immune responses of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to bacteria and malaria parasites. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[73] C. Bourgouin,et al. Immune response of Anopheles gambiae to the early sporogonic stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum , 2002, The EMBO journal.
[74] C. Lowenberger. Innate immune response of Aedes aegypti. , 2001, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[75] P. Bulet,et al. Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function. , 1999, Developmental and comparative immunology.
[76] M. Belvin,et al. The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein , 2002, Nature.
[77] P A Singer,et al. Grand Challenges in Global Health , 2003, Science.
[78] Z. Zhao,et al. Insect hemolymph clotting: evidence for interaction between the coagulation system and the prophenoloxidase activating cascade. , 2002, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[79] Xiao-Fan Wang,et al. Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite , 2002 .
[80] F. Kafatos,et al. Molecular interactions between Anopheles stephensi midgut cells and Plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes , 2000, The EMBO journal.
[81] R. Miller,et al. A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[82] Michael A. Riehle,et al. Towards genetic manipulation of wild mosquito populations to combat malaria: advances and challenges , 2003, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[83] M. Kanost. Faculty Opinions recommendation of A scavenger function for a Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein. , 2003 .
[84] A. Sher,et al. Evasion of innate immunity by parasitic protozoa , 2002, Nature Immunology.
[85] R. Huber,et al. The 2.0-Å crystal structure of tachylectin 5A provides evidence for the common origin of the innate immunity and the blood coagulation systems , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[86] G. Vriend,et al. Conserved Role of a Complement-like Protein in Phagocytosis Revealed by dsRNA Knockout in Cultured Cells of the Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae , 2001, Cell.
[87] K. Drickamer. C-type lectin-like domains. , 1999, Current opinion in structural biology.
[88] A. Raikhel,et al. Transgenesis and reverse genetics of mosquito innate immunity , 2003, Journal of Experimental Biology.
[89] L. Kruglyak,et al. Genetic Loci Affecting Resistance to Human Malaria Parasites in a West African Mosquito Vector Population , 2002, Science.
[90] A. Aderem,et al. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response , 2000, Nature.
[91] M. Krieger,et al. Expression cloning of dSR-CI, a class C macrophage-specific scavenger receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[92] H. Erfle,et al. Quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B. , 1997, Science.
[93] S. Barondes,et al. God must love galectins; he made so many of them. , 1999, Glycobiology.
[94] A. James,et al. Stable transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with the Hermes element from the housefly. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[95] F. Kafatos,et al. Plasmodium activates the innate immune response of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes , 1997, The EMBO journal.
[96] Paul T. Spellman,et al. Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[97] P. Brey,et al. Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a prophenoloxidase cDNA from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae , 1998, Insect molecular biology.
[98] W. Leonard,et al. Jaks and STATs: biological implications. , 1998, Annual review of immunology.
[99] S. Kawabata,et al. New types of clotting factors and defense molecules found in horseshoe crab hemolymph: their structures and functions. , 1998, Journal of biochemistry.
[100] H. Luo,et al. The JAK/STAT pathway and Drosophila development , 2001, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.
[101] J. Whisstock,et al. The Serpins Are an Expanding Superfamily of Structurally Similar but Functionally Diverse Proteins , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[102] M. Shahabuddin,et al. Plasmodium gallinaceum: differential killing of some mosquito stages of the parasite by insect defensin. , 1998, Experimental parasitology.
[103] T. Fujita,et al. The role of ficolins in innate immunity. , 2002, Immunobiology.
[104] F C Kafatos,et al. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. , 1999, Science.
[105] D. Hultmark,et al. A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[106] S. Gordon,et al. Scavenger receptors in innate immunity. , 2002, Current opinion in immunology.
[107] R I Lehrer,et al. Antimicrobial peptides in mammalian and insect host defence. , 1999, Current opinion in immunology.
[108] A. Raikhel,et al. Relish-mediated immune deficiency in the transgenic mosquito Aedes aegypti , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[109] M. Belvin,et al. A genome-wide analysis of immune responses in Drosophila , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[110] L. Roberts. Mosquitoes and Disease , 2002, Science.
[111] P. Brey,et al. Role of the integument in insect defense: pro-phenol oxidase cascade in the cuticular matrix. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[112] P. Bork,et al. Comparative genomic analysis in the region of a major Plasmodium-refractoriness locus of Anopheles gambiae , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[113] F. Kafatos,et al. Anopheles gambiae Ag‐STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection , 1999, The EMBO journal.
[114] J. Hoffmann,et al. Activation of Drosophila Toll During Fungal Infection by a Blood Serine Protease , 2002, Science.
[115] Willem Takken,et al. The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes. , 2002, Science.
[116] J. Hoffmann,et al. Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective , 2002, Nature Immunology.
[117] M. Lehane,et al. Midgut-specific immune molecules are produced by the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[118] Z. Pancer. Dynamic expression of multiple scavenger receptor cysteine-rich genes in coelomocytes of the purple sea urchin. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[119] Xiao-qiang Yu,et al. Prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 (PAP-3) from Manduca sexta hemolymph: a clip-domain serine proteinase regulated by serpin-1J and serine proteinase homologs. , 2003, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[120] C. Blass,et al. The defensin peptide of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae: antimicrobial activities and expression in adult mosquitoes. , 2001, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[121] M. Rämet,et al. Drosophila scavenger receptor CI is a pattern recognition receptor for bacteria. , 2001, Immunity.
[122] L. Cerenius,et al. Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity. , 1998, Current opinion in immunology.
[123] F. Kafatos,et al. A Hemocyte-like Cell Line Established from the Malaria VectorAnopheles gambiae Expresses Six Prophenoloxidase Genes* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[124] B. Lemaître,et al. An immune-responsive Serpin regulates the melanization cascade in Drosophila. , 2002, Developmental cell.
[125] A. James,et al. Virus-expressed, recombinant single-chain antibody blocks sporozoite infection of salivary glands in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected Aedes aegypti. , 2000, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.
[126] George Dimopoulos,et al. Insect immunity and its implication in mosquito–malaria interactions , 2003, Cellular microbiology.
[127] K. Vernick,et al. Plasmodium gallinaceum: a refractory mechanism of ookinete killing in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. , 1995, Experimental parasitology.
[128] R. Sinden,et al. Malaria parasites and the anopheles mosquito. , 2002, Chemical immunology.
[129] F. Kafatos,et al. A modular chitin-binding protease associated with hemocytes and hemolymph in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[130] J. Dvorak,et al. Invasion in vitro of mosquito midgut cells by the malaria parasite proceeds by a conserved mechanism and results in death of the invaded midgut cells. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[131] M. Meister,et al. Drosophila blood cells , 2003, Cellular microbiology.
[132] Jian Wang,et al. The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae , 2002, Science.
[133] T. K. Stevens,et al. Germline transformation of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, with the piggyBac transposable element , 2001, Insect molecular biology.
[134] Y. Kooyk,et al. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens , 2003, Nature Reviews Immunology.
[135] S. Kurata. [Recognition of infectious non-self and activation of immune responses by peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)--family members in Drosophila]. , 2004, Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme.
[136] M. Lagueux,et al. Croquemort, a novel Drosophila hemocyte/macrophage receptor that recognizes apoptotic cells. , 1996, Immunity.
[137] R. Ezekowitz,et al. Phagocytosis and development: back to the future. , 1999, Current opinion in immunology.
[138] R. Delotto,et al. Horseshoe Grab Coagulogen Is an Invertebrate Protein with a Nerve Growth Factor-Like Domain , 1997, Biological chemistry.
[139] F C Kafatos,et al. Immune factor Gambif1, a new rel family member from the human malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. , 1996, The EMBO journal.
[140] N. Gay,et al. Binding of the Drosophila cytokine Spätzle to Toll is direct and establishes signaling , 2003, Nature Immunology.
[141] B. M. Christensen,et al. Characterization of hemocytes from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , 2002, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.
[142] J. Beier,et al. Bacterial population dynamics in three anopheline species: the impact on Plasmodium sporogonic development. , 1996, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.
[143] Haobo Jiang,et al. Manduca sexta Serpin-3 Regulates Prophenoloxidase Activation in Response to Infection by Inhibiting Prophenoloxidase-activating Proteinases* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[144] A. James,et al. Controlling malaria transmission with genetically-engineered, Plasmodium-resistant mosquitoes: milestones in a model system. , 1999, Parassitologia.
[145] M. Ashida,et al. Purification of a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein from Hemolymph of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
[146] J. Potempa,et al. The serpin superfamily of proteinase inhibitors: structure, function, and regulation. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.
[147] J. Hoffmann,et al. Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial defense. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[148] S. Meister,et al. Genome expression analysis of Anopheles gambiae: Responses to injury, bacterial challenge, and malaria infection , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[149] E. Birney,et al. Immunity-Related Genes and Gene Families in Anopheles gambiae , 2002, Science.
[150] Haobo Jiang,et al. The clip-domain family of serine proteinases in arthropods. , 2000, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.
[151] H. S. Warren,et al. Toll-like receptors. , 2005, Critical care medicine.
[152] F. Kafatos,et al. Gambicin: A novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[153] D. Hultmark,et al. Functional Diversity of the Drosophila PGRP-LC Gene Cluster in the Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Peptidoglycan* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.