Effects of Triclocarban on Intact Immature Male Rat

Triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide) is an antimicrobial agent used widely in various personal hygiene products including soaps. Recently, TCC has been shown to enhance testosterone-induced effects in vitro and to enlarge accessory sex organs in castrated male rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of TCC on intact age-matched male rats and on human prostate LNCaP and C4–2B cells. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet or a diet supplemented with TCC (0.25% in diet) for 10 days. Triclocarban induced hyperplasia of accessory sex organs in the absence of significant qualitative histological changes. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were not significantly altered by TCC treatment. In prostate cancer-derived LNCaP and C4–2B cells, TCC potentiated androgen actions via androgen receptor-dependent actions. In conclusion, TCC significantly affects intact male reproductive organs and potentiates androgen effects in prostate cancer cells.

[1]  E. Gregoraszczuk,et al.  The Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on Endocrine Targets , 2013, International journal of endocrinology.

[2]  Chenxi Wu,et al.  Adsorption and degradation of triclosan and triclocarban in soils and biosolids-amended soils. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[3]  Alison M. Cupples,et al.  Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids. , 2009, Water research.

[4]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Fate of triclosan and evidence for reductive dechlorination of triclocarban in estuarine sediments. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  B. Hammock,et al.  Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: a new type of endocrine disruptor? , 2008, Endocrinology.

[6]  J. Furr,et al.  In utero exposure to the environmental androgen trenbolone masculinizes female Sprague-Dawley rats. , 2007, Toxicology letters.

[7]  R. Nelson,et al.  An Environmental Androgen, 17β-Trenbolone, Affects Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity and Reproductive Tissues in Male Mice , 2007 .

[8]  G. Greendale,et al.  Circulating bioactive androgens in midlife women. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[9]  A. Sapkota,et al.  Partitioning, persistence, and accumulation in digested sludge of the topical antiseptic triclocarban during wastewater treatment. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  Errol Zeiger,et al.  The OECD Program to Validate the Rat Hershberger Bioassay to Screen Compounds for in Vivo Androgen and Antiandrogen Responses. Phase 1: Use of a Potent Agonist and a Potent Antagonist to Test the Standardized Protocol , 2006, Environmental health perspectives.

[11]  R. Halden,et al.  Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in U.S. water resources. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  S. Yamashita.  Localization of estrogen and androgen receptors in male reproductive tissues of mice and rats. , 2004, The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology.

[13]  V. Njar,et al.  Biochemical Assessment of Limits to Estrogen Synthesis in Porcine Follicles1 , 2003, Biology of reproduction.

[14]  Robert W. Moore,et al.  Abnormalities of sexual development in male rats with in utero and lactational exposure to the antiandrogenic plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[15]  R. Sharpe,et al.  Permanent Effects of Neonatal Estrogen Exposure in Rats on Reproductive Hormone Levels, Sertoli Cell Number, and the Efficiency of Spermatogenesis in Adulthood1. , 1999, Endocrinology.

[16]  W. Wetsel,et al.  Effects of Castration and Chronic Steroid Treatments on Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Content and Pituitary Gonadotropins in Male Wild-Type and Estrogen Receptor-α Knockout Mice. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[17]  I. Huhtaniemi,et al.  Dose and time relationships of intravenously injected rat recombinant luteinizing hormone and testicular testosterone secretion in the male Rat. , 1998, Biology of reproduction.

[18]  S. Yeh,et al.  Cloning and characterization of a specific coactivator, ARA70, for the androgen receptor in human prostate cells. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  M. Gleave,et al.  Derivation of androgen‐independent human LNCaP prostatic cancer cell sublines: Role of bone stromal cells , 1994, International journal of cancer.

[20]  W J Bremner,et al.  The direct pituitary effect of testosterone to inhibit gonadotropin secretion in men is partially mediated by aromatization to estradiol. , 1994, Journal of andrology.

[21]  C. Roselli,et al.  Differential effects of aromatase inhibition on luteinizing hormone secretion in intact and castrated male cynomolgus macaques. , 1993, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[22]  G. Prins.  Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression. , 1992, Endocrinology.

[23]  C. Roselli,et al.  Regulation of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone levels by testosterone and estradiol in male rhesus monkeys , 1990, Brain Research.

[24]  B. Zirkin,et al.  Leydig cell differentiation during maturation of the rat testis: A stereological study of cell number and ultrastructure , 1987, The Anatomical record.

[25]  J. Roser,et al.  Characterization of a monoclonal antibody which detects luteinizing hormone from diverse mammalian species. , 1987, Domestic animal endocrinology.

[26]  K. Catt,et al.  Acquisition of regulatory mechanisms for gonadotropin receptors and steroidogenesis in the maturing rat testis. , 1982, Endocrinology.

[27]  V. Mahesh,et al.  Hypothalamic, pituitary, testicular, and secondary organ functions and interactions during the sexual maturation of the male rat. , 1980, Archives of andrology.

[28]  G. A. Nolen,et al.  Reproduction and teratogenic studies of a 2:1 mixture of 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide and 3-trifluoromethyl-4,4'-dichlorocarbanilide in rats and rabbits. , 1979, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[29]  A. Sapkota,et al.  Detection of triclocarban and two co-contaminating chlorocarbanilides in US aquatic environments using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. , 2007, Environmental research.

[30]  Ç. Gerçel-Taylor.  Diphenylamine assay of DNA fragmentation for chemosensitivity testing. , 2005, Methods in molecular medicine.

[31]  R. Bars,et al.  Evaluation of the rodent Hershberger assay using three reference endocrine disrupters (androgen and antiandrogens). , 2004, Reproductive toxicology.

[32]  Reprints and Subscriptions Permissions , 2003 .

[33]  W. Wetsel,et al.  Effects of castration and chronic steroid treatments on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone content and pituitary gonadotropins in male wild-type and estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[34]  S. Arya,et al.  The LNCaP cell line--a new model for studies on human prostatic carcinoma. , 1980, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[35]  V. Padmanabhan,et al.  Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Contributions of Androgen and Estrogen to Fetal Programming of Ovarian Dysfunction , 2022 .

[36]  Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society A Small Composite Probasin Promoter Confers High Levels of Prostate-Specific Gene Expression through Regulation by Androgens and Glucocorticoids in Vitro and in Vivo* , 2022 .