Supporting Trust in Autonomous Driving

Autonomous cars will likely hit the market soon, but trust into such a technology is one of the big discussion points in the public debate. Drivers who have always been in complete control of their car are expected to willingly hand over control and blindly trust a technology that could kill them. We argue that trust in autonomous driving can be increased by means of a driver interface that visualizes the car’s interpretation of the current situation and its corresponding actions. To verify this, we compared different visualizations in a user study, overlaid to a driving scene: (1) a chauffeur avatar, (2) a world in miniature, and (3) a display of the car’s indicators as the baseline. The world in miniature visualization increased trust the most. The human-like chauffeur avatar can also increase trust, however, we did not find a significant difference between the chauffeur and the baseline. ACM Classification

[1]  N. Epley,et al.  The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle , 2014 .

[2]  Patricia Delhomme,et al.  Personality predictors of speeding in young drivers: Anger vs. sensation seeking , 2012 .

[3]  Michael Weber,et al.  Towards Cooperative Driving: Involving the Driver in an Autonomous Vehicle's Decision Making , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[4]  Mustapha Mouloua,et al.  Measuring Trust of Autonomous Vehicles: A Development and Validation Study , 2015, HCI.

[5]  Michael Sivak,et al.  A Survey of Public Opinion about Autonomous and Self-Driving Vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia , 2014 .

[6]  Barbara Lenz,et al.  Travel-Time Valuation for Automated Driving: A Use-Case-Driven Study , 2015 .

[7]  Josef F. Krems,et al.  Keep Your Scanners Peeled , 2016, Hum. Factors.

[8]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[9]  Matthias Rauterberg,et al.  The Exploration of Autonomous Vehicle Driving Styles: Preferred Longitudinal, Lateral, and Vertical Accelerations , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[10]  John D. Lee,et al.  Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance , 2004 .

[11]  Peter McGoldrick,et al.  On‐screen characters: their design and influence on consumer trust , 2006 .

[12]  Kyongsu Yi,et al.  A Question of Trust: An Ethnographic Study of Automated Cars on Real Roads , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[13]  Masooda Bashir,et al.  Trust in Automation , 2015, Hum. Factors.

[14]  Wendy Ju,et al.  The RRADS platform: a real road autonomous driving simulator , 2015, AutomotiveUI.

[15]  Li Gong,et al.  How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[16]  Alexandra Neukum,et al.  Your Turn or My Turn?: Design of a Human-Machine Interface for Conditional Automation , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[17]  Norman L. Chervany,et al.  Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time , 2000, Trust in Cyber-societies.

[18]  Lee Sproull,et al.  My partner is a real dog: cooperation with social agents , 1996, CSCW '96.

[19]  Colin G. Drury,et al.  Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems , 2000 .

[20]  Philipp Wintersberger,et al.  Automated Driving System, Male, or Female Driver: Who'd You Prefer? Comparative Analysis of Passengers' Mental Conditions, Emotional States & Qualitative Feedback , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[21]  N Moray,et al.  Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems. , 1992, Ergonomics.

[22]  Richard Pak,et al.  Decision support aids with anthropomorphic characteristics influence trust and performance in younger and older adults , 2012, Ergonomics.

[23]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. , 2007, Psychological review.

[24]  Bastian Pfleging,et al.  Investigating user needs for non-driving-related activities during automated driving , 2016, MUM.

[25]  Deborah Lee,et al.  I Trust It, but I Don’t Know Why , 2013, Hum. Factors.

[26]  Andreas Riener.  Who cares about trust, grade of traveling & quality of user experience in a world of autonomous cars? , 2014, AutomotiveUI.

[27]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  The World is not Enough: Trust in Cognitive Agents , 2012 .

[28]  Manfred Tscheligi,et al.  Towards Autonomous Cars: The Effect of Autonomy Levels on Acceptance and User Experience , 2014, AutomotiveUI.

[29]  Andrew J. Cowell,et al.  Embodiment and Interaction Guidelines for Designing Credible, Trustworthy Embodied Conversational Agents , 2003, IVA.

[30]  Gary E. Burnett.  On-the-Move and in Your Car: An Overview of HCI Issues for In-Car Computing , 2009, Int. J. Mob. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[31]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Who Sees Human? , 2010, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[32]  J. Rotter.  A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. , 1967, Journal of personality.

[33]  Wendy Ju,et al.  RRADS: Real Road Autonomous Driving Simulation , 2015, HRI.

[34]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[35]  Catherine M. Burns,et al.  Autonomous Driving in the Real World: Experiences with Tesla Autopilot and Summon , 2016, AutomotiveUI.

[36]  Riender Happee,et al.  Public opinion on automated driving: results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents , 2015 .