Attosecond metrology: from electron capture to future signal processing

This article reviews the basic concepts underlying attosecond measurement and control techniques. Emphasis is given to exploring the fundamental speed limit of electronic signal processing that employs ultimate-speed electron metrology provided by attosecond technology.

[1]  Brigitte Maier,et al.  Electrodynamics Of Continuous Media , 2016 .

[2]  A. Scrinzi,et al.  Attosecond streaking measurements , 2005 .

[3]  R. Dörner,et al.  Attosecond Ionization and Tunneling Delay Time Measurements in Helium , 2008, Science.

[4]  U. Heinzmann,et al.  Attosecond metrology , 2007, Nature.

[5]  J. P. Marangos,et al.  Probing Proton Dynamics in Molecules on an Attosecond Time Scale , 2006, Science.

[6]  M. Spanner,et al.  The Multielectron Ionization Dynamics Underlying Attosecond Strong-Field Spectroscopies , 2012, Science.

[7]  A. Scrinzi,et al.  High harmonic imaging of few-cycle laser pulses. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[8]  Fabien Quéré,et al.  Frequency-resolved optical gating for complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts , 2005 .

[9]  P. Corkum,et al.  Attosecond streak camera. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[10]  R. Holzwarth,et al.  Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter , 2007, Nature.

[11]  F. Quéré,et al.  Temporal characterization of attosecond XUV fields , 2005 .

[12]  V. U. Nazarov,et al.  Dielectric screening and band-structure effects in low-energy photoemission , 2010 .

[13]  L'Huillier,et al.  High-order harmonic generation in rare gases with a 1-ps 1053-nm laser. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[14]  Ivanov,et al.  Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields. , 1994, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[15]  N. Bloembergen,et al.  Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric , 1962 .

[16]  Stephen R. Leone,et al.  Real-time observation of valence electron motion , 2010, Nature.

[17]  L'Huillier,et al.  Attosecond Pulse Trains Using High-Order Harmonics. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[18]  Juin J. Liou,et al.  Modern Microwave Transistors: Theory, Design, and Performance , 2002 .

[19]  P. Agostini,et al.  The physics of attosecond light pulses , 2004 .

[20]  M. Nisoli,et al.  Molecular dissociative ionization and wave-packet dynamics studied using two-color XUV and IR pump-probe spectroscopy. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[21]  Andrew D. Shiner,et al.  Probing collective multi-electron dynamics in xenon with high-harmonic spectroscopy , 2011 .

[22]  Vassilis Giakoumakis,et al.  Addendum to: Maximum Weight Independent Sets in hole- and co-chair-free graphs , 2015, Inf. Process. Lett..

[23]  V. Apalkov,et al.  Optical-field-induced current in dielectrics , 2012, Nature.

[24]  Anders Persson,et al.  Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[25]  K. Tőkési,et al.  Simulation of attosecond streaking of electrons emitted from a tungsten surface , 2009, 0904.0579.

[26]  Hu,et al.  Terahertz radiation induced by subband-gap femtosecond optical excitation of GaAs. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[27]  J. Mauritsson,et al.  Attosecond control of ionization by wave-packet interference. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[28]  Wojciech Knap,et al.  Plasma wave field effect transistor as a resonant detector for 1 terahertz imaging applications , 2009 .

[29]  Terry A. Miller,et al.  Information for : Imaging ultrafast molecular dynamics with laser-induced electron diffraction , 2012 .

[30]  Stephanie Thalberg,et al.  Fundamentals Of Modern Vlsi Devices , 2016 .

[31]  J. Mauritsson,et al.  Attosecond pulse trains generated using two color laser fields , 2006 .

[32]  Peter Hommelhoff,et al.  Attosecond control of electrons emitted from a nanoscale metal tip , 2011, Nature.

[33]  J. Levesque,et al.  Tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals , 2004, Nature.

[34]  P. Echenique,et al.  One-electron model for the electronic response of metal surfaces to subfemtosecond photoexcitation. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[35]  P. Corkum,et al.  Conical Intersection Dynamics in NO2 Probed by Homodyne High-Harmonic Spectroscopy , 2011, Science.

[36]  Juin J. Liou,et al.  Nanometer CMOS , 2010 .

[37]  Zhanghua Han,et al.  Radiation guiding with surface plasmon polaritons , 2013, Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society.

[38]  S. Papaioannou,et al.  A 320 Gb/s-Throughput Capable 2 $\,\times\,$2 Silicon-Plasmonic Router Architecture for Optical Interconnects , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[39]  P. Corkum,et al.  Probing molecular dynamics with attosecond resolution using correlated wave packet pairs , 2003, Nature.

[40]  Peter Burke,et al.  AC performance of nanoelectronics: towards a ballistic THz nanotube transistor , 2004 .

[41]  U. Kleineberg,et al.  Atomic transient recorder , 2004, Nature.

[42]  P. Feulner,et al.  Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain , 2005, Nature.

[43]  T Ruchon,et al.  Coherent electron scattering captured by an attosecond quantum stroboscope. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[44]  Guillaume Petite,et al.  Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms , 1979 .

[45]  T. Maiman.  Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby , 1960, Nature.

[46]  P. Johnsson,et al.  Attosecond electron wave packet interferometry , 2006 .

[47]  L. A. Lompré,et al.  Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in rare gases , 1988 .

[48]  Miller,et al.  Generation of ultrashort electrical pulses through screening by virtual populations in biased quantum wells. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[49]  A. Schawlow,et al.  Infrared and optical masers , 1958 .

[50]  Yamanishi.  Field-induced optical nonlinearity due to virtual transitions in semiconductor quantum well structures. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[51]  J. Jopling,et al.  High performance 32nm logic technology featuring 2nd generation high-k + metal gate transistors , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM).

[52]  H. C. Bandulet,et al.  Laser-Induced Electron Tunneling and Diffraction , 2008, Science.

[53]  M. Stockman.  Nanoplasmonics: past, present, and glimpse into future. , 2011, Optics express.

[54]  J Burgdörfer,et al.  Delay in Photoemission , 2010, Science.

[55]  A Poppe,et al.  Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses. , 1996, Optics letters.

[56]  Bernard Piraux,et al.  Super-Intense Laser-Atom Physics , 1993 .

[57]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators , 2006, Nature.

[58]  L. Wernersson,et al.  InP Hot Electron Transistors with a Buried Metal Gate , 2003 .

[59]  P. Becker,et al.  Compression of optical pulses to six femtoseconds by using cubic phase compensation. , 1987, Optics letters.

[60]  Luca Benini,et al.  On-Chip Communication Architectures: System on Chip Interconnect , 2008 .

[61]  Leonid Glebov,et al.  Optical detection of attosecond ionization induced by a few-cycle laser field in a transparent dielectric material. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[62]  U. Kleineberg,et al.  Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms , 2007, Nature.

[63]  Yang,et al.  Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[64]  Mauro Nisoli,et al.  Electron localization following attosecond molecular photoionization , 2010, Nature.

[65]  Charles K. Rhodes,et al.  Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases , 1987 .

[66]  Leonid V. Keldysh.  Behavior of Non-metallic Crystals in Strong Electric Fields , 1958 .

[67]  L. Poletto,et al.  Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses , 2006, Science.

[68]  P. Corkum,et al.  Mapping attosecond electron wave packet motion. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[69]  Poppe,et al.  Controlling the phase evolution of few-cycle light pulses , 2000, Physical review letters.

[70]  Claudio Lanzieri,et al.  Imaging the coupling of terahertz radiation to a high electron mobility transistor in the near-field , 2009 .

[71]  Pierre Agostini,et al.  Observation of high-order harmonic generation in a bulk crystal , 2011 .

[72]  Ferenc Krausz,et al.  Attosecond Nanoplasmonic Field Microscope , 2007 .

[73]  Ferenc Krausz,et al.  Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser dressed photoionization. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[74]  P. Balcou,et al.  Observation of a Train of Attosecond Pulses from High Harmonic Generation , 2001, Science.

[75]  T. Kanai,et al.  Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules , 2005, Nature.

[76]  U. Thumm,et al.  Effect of wave-function localization on the time delay in photoemission from surfaces , 2011 .

[77]  T. Fordell,et al.  Probing single-photon ionization on the attosecond time scale. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[78]  E. Krasovskii.  Attosecond spectroscopy of solids: Streaking phase shift due to lattice scattering , 2011, 1109.3307.

[79]  Gordon,et al.  High-order harmonic generation using intense femtosecond pulses. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[80]  C. Ropers,et al.  Field-driven photoemission from nanostructures quenches the quiver motion , 2012, Nature.

[81]  Ahmed H. Zewail,et al.  Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond† , 2000 .

[82]  P. Corkum,et al.  Laser Tunnel Ionization from Multiple Orbitals in HCl , 2009, Science.

[83]  Carrier-envelope phase effects on the strong-field photoemission of electrons from metallic nanostructures , 2013, 1301.4074.

[84]  J. Sáenz,et al.  Analog performance of the nanoscale double-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor near the ultimate scaling limits , 2004 .

[85]  Optically induced currents in dielectrics as a nonlinear optical effect , 2013, 1303.3994.

[86]  H. G. Muller,et al.  Time-Resolved Holography with Photoelectrons , 2011, Science.

[87]  Hall,et al.  Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis , 2000, Science.

[88]  Dae-Hyun Kim,et al.  30-nm InAs PHEMTs With $f_{T} = \hbox{644}\ \hbox{GHz}$ and $f_{\max} = \hbox{681}\ \hbox{GHz}$ , 2010, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[89]  Mark J. W. Rodwell,et al.  Submicron scaling of HBTs , 2001 .

[90]  U. Kleineberg,et al.  Single-Cycle Nonlinear Optics , 2008, Science.

[91]  M. Stockman,et al.  Absolute phase effect in ultrafast optical responses of metal nanostructures , 2007 .

[92]  Changjian Zhang,et al.  Attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of metal surfaces , 2009, Physical review letters.

[93]  Addendum: Optical-field-induced current in dielectrics , 2014, Nature.

[94]  Jesús A. del Alamo,et al.  30-nm InAs PHEMTs With fT = 644 GHz and fmax = 681 GHz , 2010 .

[95]  Use of electron correlation to make attosecond measurements without attosecond pulses. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[96]  C. Peters,et al.  Generation of optical harmonics , 1961 .

[97]  P. Krehl,et al.  August Toepler — The first who visualized shock waves , 1995 .

[98]  M. Lein.  Molecular imaging using recolliding electrons , 2007 .

[99]  T. Hänsch,et al.  Optical frequency metrology , 2002, Nature.

[100]  K. Tőkési,et al.  Electron guiding through insulating nanocapillaries. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[101]  R. Kienberger,et al.  Attosecond time-resolved photoemission from core and valence states of magnesium. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[102]  F. Krausz.  Attosecond Physics , 2007, 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - Pacific Rim.

[103]  M. Nisoli,et al.  Absolute-phase phenomena in photoionization with few-cycle laser pulses , 2001, Nature.

[104]  Jean-Claude Diels,et al.  Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Applications on a Femtosecond Time Scale , 1996 .

[105]  P. Balcou,et al.  Attosecond electron wave packet dynamics in strong laser fields. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[106]  Nirit Dudovich,et al.  High harmonic interferometry of multi-electron dynamics in molecules , 2009, Nature.

[107]  F. Légaré,et al.  Sub-laser-cycle electron pulses for probing molecular dynamics , 2002, Nature.

[108]  Knight,et al.  Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy , 2000, Physical review letters.

[109]  P. Corkum,et al.  Petahertz optical oscilloscope , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[110]  Yvonne Jaeger.  Elements Of Solid State Theory , 2016 .

[111]  M. Nisoli,et al.  Attosecond electron spectroscopy using a novel interferometric pump-probe technique. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[112]  R. Holzwarth,et al.  Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields , 2003, Nature.

[113]  Changjian Zhang,et al.  Streaking and Wigner time delays in photoemission from atoms and surfaces , 2011, 1106.1421.

[114]  F. Krausz,et al.  Chirped multilayer coatings for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond lasers. , 1994, Optics letters.

[115]  J. Bardeen,et al.  The transistor, a semi-conductor triode , 1948 .

[116]  P. Corkum,et al.  Following a chemical reaction using high-harmonic interferometry , 2010, Nature.

[117]  P. Corkum,et al.  Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[118]  V. Apalkov,et al.  Controlling dielectrics with the electric field of light , 2012, Nature.

[119]  J. Gagnon,et al.  Synthesized Light Transients , 2011, Science.

[120]  R. Rosenfeld.  Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[121]  Günter Steinmeyer,et al.  Carrier-envelope offset phase control: A novel concept for absolute optical frequency measurement and ultrashort pulse generation , 1999 .