Multi-society guideline for reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes

The beneficial role of gastrointestinal endoscopy for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many digestive diseases and cancer is well established. Like many sophisticated medical devices, the endoscope is a complex, reusable instrument that requires reprocessing before being used on subsequent patients. The most commonly used methods for reprocessing endoscopes result in high-level disinfection. To date, all published episodes of pathogen transmission related to gastrointestinal endoscopy have been associated with failure to follow established cleaning and disinfection/sterilization guidelines or use of defective equipment. Despite the strong published data regarding the safety of endoscope reprocessing, concern over the potential for pathogen transmission during endoscopy has raised questions about the best methods for disinfection or sterilization of these devices between patient uses.

[1]  R. Reich,et al.  Personal protective equipment. , 1955, The New Zealand medical journal.

[2]  Persis Mehta,et al.  Disinfection of medical and surgical materials. , 1971, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[3]  S. Block,et al.  Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation , 1977 .

[4]  G. Holmes,et al.  The significance of bacterial contamination of fibreoptic endoscopes. , 1980, The Journal of hospital infection.

[5]  F. Rost,et al.  The significance of bacterial contamination of fiberoptic endoscopes. , 1981, The Journal of hospital infection.

[6]  L. Peterson,et al.  Cleaning and disinfection of fiberoptic endoscopes: evaluation of glutaraldehyde exposure time and forced-air drying. , 1982, Gastroenterology.

[7]  J. Feeley,et al.  Water-related nosocomial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 10. , 1985, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[8]  C. Collins,et al.  Mycobacterium xenopi and Mycobacterium kansasii in a hospital water supply. , 1985, The Journal of hospital infection.

[9]  F. Collins Kinetics of the tuberculocidal response by alkaline glutaraldehyde in solution and on an inert surface. , 1986, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[10]  J. Garner,et al.  CDC Guideline for Handwashing and Hospital Environmental Control, 1985. , 1986, Infection control : IC.

[11]  F. Collins Bactericidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde solution against a number of atypical mycobacterial species. , 1986, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[12]  Garner Js,et al.  CDC Guideline for Handwashing and Hospital Environmental Control, 1985 , 1986, Infection Control.

[13]  J. M. Ascenzi,et al.  A more accurate method for measurement of tuberculocidal activity of disinfectants , 1987, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[14]  F. Collins Use of membrane filters for measurement of mycobactericidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde solution , 1987, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[15]  G. Ayliffe,et al.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during endoscopy. , 1987, Gastroenterology.

[16]  D. Gerding,et al.  Pseudomonas infection of the biliary system resulting from use of a contaminated endoscope. , 1987, Gastroenterology.

[17]  B. Hamory,et al.  Expanding Role of Hospital Epidemiology: Employee Health—Chemical Exposure in the Health Care Setting , 1989, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[18]  D. Jeffries,et al.  CONTAMINATION OF ENDOSCOPES USED IN AIDS PATIENTS , 1989, The Lancet.

[19]  W. Rutala,et al.  Effect of methodology, dilution, and exposure time on the tuberculocidal activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[20]  D. Jeffries,et al.  Elimination of high titre HIV from fibreoptic endoscopes. , 1990, Gut.

[21]  W A Rutala,et al.  APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. , 1996, American journal of infection control.

[22]  S. Sattar,et al.  Efficacies of selected disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 1990, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[23]  D. Jeffries,et al.  Viral transmission and fibreoptic endoscopy. , 1991, The Journal of hospital infection.

[24]  G. Gorse,et al.  Infection Control Practices in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in the United States: A National Survey , 1991, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[25]  W. Rutala,et al.  Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis by 14 hospital disinfectants. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[26]  C. Alvarado,et al.  Nosocomial infections from contaminated endoscopes: a flawed automated endoscope washer. An investigation using molecular epidemiology. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[27]  V. Fraser,et al.  Nosocomial infection and pseudoinfection from contaminated endoscopes and bronchoscopes--Wisconsin and Missouri. , 1991, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[28]  M. Alfa,et al.  In-hospital evaluation of contamination of duodenoscopes: a quantitative assessment of the effect of drying. , 1991, The Journal of hospital infection.

[29]  D. Goldmann,et al.  Multi-state investigation of the actual disinfection/sterilization of endoscopes in health care facilities. , 1992, The American journal of medicine.

[30]  D. Goldmann,et al.  Variability in reprocessing policies and procedures for flexible fiberoptic endoscopes in Massachusetts hospitals. , 1992, American journal of infection control.

[31]  A. Streifel,et al.  Significant factors in the disinfection and sterilization of flexible endoscopes , 1992, American journal of infection control.

[32]  M. Chadwick,et al.  A study of glutaraldehyde disinfection of fibreoptic bronchoscopes experimentally contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. , 1992, The Journal of hospital infection.

[33]  Yansheng Zhang,et al.  Contamination of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes with Mycobacterium chelonae linked to an automated bronchoscope disinfection machine. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[34]  R. Tennenbaum,et al.  HEPATITE C APRES CHOLANGIOGRAPHIE RETROGRADE , 1993 .

[35]  D. Carr-Locke,et al.  Transmission Of Infection By Gastrointestinal Endoscopy , 1993 .

[36]  M. Struelens,et al.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia after biliary endoscopy: an outbreak investigation using DNA macrorestriction analysis. , 1993, The American journal of medicine.

[37]  Fred Silverstein,et al.  Transmission of Infection by Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Bronchoscopy , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[38]  P. Colardelle,et al.  [Hepatitis C after retrograde cholangiography]. , 1993, Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique.

[39]  M. A. Martin,et al.  APIC guidelines for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. 1991, 1992, and 1993 APIC Guidelines Committee. , 1994, American journal of infection control.

[40]  S. Sattar,et al.  Feasibility of a combined carrier test for disinfectants: studies with a mixture of five types of microorganisms. , 1994, American journal of infection control.

[41]  J. Babb,et al.  Endoscope decontamination: where do we go from here? , 1995, The Journal of hospital infection.

[42]  D. Gilbert,et al.  Mycobacterium gordonae in fiberoptic bronchoscopes. , 1996, American journal of infection control.

[43]  A. Dimarino,et al.  Flexible gastrointestinal endoscopic reprocessing. , 1996, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[44]  R. Kozarek,et al.  Mycobacteria and glutaraldehyde: is high-level disinfection of endoscopes possible? , 1996, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[45]  F. W. Jackson,et al.  Correction of deficiencies in flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope cleaning and disinfection technique in family practice and internal medicine offices. , 1997, Archives of family medicine.

[46]  H. Fuselier,et al.  Liquid sterilization versus high level disinfection in the urologic office. , 1997, Urology.

[47]  W. Rutala,et al.  Water as a Reservoir of Nosocomial Pathogens , 1997, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[48]  A. Sönnerborg,et al.  Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus , 1997, Infection.

[49]  P Gaucher,et al.  Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  Jackson Fw Correction of deficiencies in flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope cleaning and disinfection technique in family practice and internal medicine offices. , 1997 .

[51]  N S Chu,et al.  Natural bioburden levels detected on flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes after clinical use and manual cleaning. , 1998, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[52]  E. Bsg Cleaning and disinfection of equipment for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Report of a Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee , 1998, Gut.

[53]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. , 1998, Annual review of microbiology.

[54]  D. Graham,et al.  Disinfection of Biopsy Forceps and Culture of Helicobacter pylori From Gastric Mucosal Biopsies , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[55]  W. Rutala,et al.  Disinfection of Endoscopes: Review of New Chemical Sterilants Used for High-Level Disinfection , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[56]  C. H. Kim,et al.  Antimicrobial efficacy of endoscopic disinfection procedures: a controlled, multifactorial investigation. , 1997, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[57]  G. Lindop,et al.  Renin-Secreting Adenocarcinoma of the Colon , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[58]  Yang K. Chen,et al.  High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes: are current guidelines adequate? , 1999 .

[59]  A. Dimarino,et al.  GI endoscopic reprocessing practices in the United States. , 1999, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[60]  T. Towers 335. Frequently Asked Questions About OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) , 1999 .

[61]  D. Faigel,et al.  Technology status evaluation: Personal protective equipment , 1999 .

[62]  D. Vesley,et al.  Microbial bioburden in endoscope reprocessing and an in-use evaluation of the high-level disinfection capabilities of Cidex PA. , 1999, Gastroenterology nursing : the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates.

[63]  J. Seigneurin,et al.  Effectiveness of a manual disinfection procedure in eliminating hepatitis C virus from experimentally contaminated endoscopes. , 1999, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[64]  J. Sánchez‐Tapias Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus. , 1999, Journal of hepatology.

[65]  D J Weber,et al.  Sporicidal Activity of a New Low-Temperature Sterilization Technology: The Sterrad 50 Sterilizer , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[66]  Yang K. Chen,et al.  High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes: are current guidelines adequate? , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[67]  M. Alfa Importance of lumen flow in liquid chemical sterilization. , 1999, American journal of infection control.

[68]  M. Reichelderfer,et al.  APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. Association for Professionals in Infection Control. , 2000 .

[69]  J. Shadley Standards of infection control in reprocessing of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. , 2000, Gastroenterology nursing : the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates.

[70]  S. Brown,et al.  Safety and cleaning of medical materials and devices. , 2000, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[71]  C. Alvarado,et al.  APIC guideline for infection prevention and control in flexible endoscopy. Association for Professionals in Infection Control. , 1993, American journal of infection control.

[72]  MD Aksel Kruse,et al.  Guidelines on Cleaning and Disinfection in GI Endoscopy , 2000, Endoscopy.

[73]  A. Barkun,et al.  Transmission of infection by gastrointestional endoscopy: May 2001 , 2001 .

[74]  S. Segal-Maurer,et al.  Nosocomial Transmission of Imipenem-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Following Bronchoscopy Associated With Improper Connection to the STERIS SYSTEM 1 Processor , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[75]  L. F. Muscarella Current Instrument Reprocessing Practices: Results of a National Survey , 2001, Gastroenterology nursing : the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates.

[76]  C. Lo Passo,et al.  Transmission of Trichosporon asahii oesophagitis by a contaminated endoscope , 2001, Mycoses.

[77]  Henry D. Isenberg,et al.  Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook , 2004 .