The ionospheres of the major planets

A review of the ionospheres of the major planets is given from the pre-Voyager 1 encounter perspective of Jupiter. Ion chemistry, recombination, and sources are individually discussed. It is concluded that material sputtered off the surfaces of the Galilean sattelites, ionized by electron impact, and accelerated by magnetic field capture and inward radial diffusion by flux tube interchange may dissipate sufficient energy in Jupiter's upper atmosphere to completely dominate the solar column production of ionization and Lyman ..cap alpha.. radiation and heating by dissipation of upward propagating inertia-gravity waves. These precipitating ions may also be a source of the pronounced layers observed by the Pioneer 10 and 11 radio occultation experiments in Jupiter's lower ionosphere. If Saturn has a strong magnetic field, similar conclusions also apply to hydrogen escaping Titan's atmosphere. Cosmic rays are probably the most important ionization source on Neptune.

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