The Social Evolutionary Psychology of Fear (and Trust): Or why is international cooperation difficult?

[1]  Thomas F. Pettigrew,et al.  The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice , 1979 .

[2]  S. Vanneste,et al.  Attention bias toward noncooperative people. A dot probe classification study in cheating detection , 2007 .

[3]  L Cosmides,et al.  On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation. , 1990, Journal of personality.

[4]  R. Jervis Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate , 1999, International Security.

[5]  J. Byers American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past , 1998 .

[6]  Ronald R. Krebs,et al.  Fixing the Meaning of 9/11: Hegemony, Coercion, and the Road to War in Iraq , 2007 .

[7]  Edward B. Royzman,et al.  Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion , 2001 .

[8]  R. Hardin The Street-Level Epistemology of Trust , 1993 .

[9]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments , 1990 .

[10]  Jon Elster,et al.  The Cement Of Society , 1991 .

[11]  S. Fulero,et al.  From individual to group impressions: Availability heuristics in stereotype formation , 1978 .

[12]  A. Ohman Fear and anxiety : Evolutionary, cognitive and clinical perspectives , 1993 .

[13]  J. Stein Building Politics into Psychology: The Misperception of Threat , 1988 .

[14]  Robert Jervis,et al.  The logic of images in international relations , 1970 .

[15]  N. Branscombe,et al.  Attributions for the negative historical actions of a group , 2003 .

[16]  Jeff T. Larsen,et al.  May I have your attention, please: Electrocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli , 2003, Neuropsychologia.

[17]  Jared M. Diamond,et al.  Guns, germs and steel : how the inequalities of wealth and power among modern peoples were moulded by prehistory , 1997 .

[18]  Michael Siepmann,et al.  Target Article: "The Really Fundamental Attribution Error in Social Psychological Research" , 2001 .

[19]  L. Caporael The Evolution of Truly Social Cognition: The Core Configurations Model , 1997, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[20]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[21]  M. Hewstone,et al.  Intergroup attributions and affective consequences in majority and minority groups , 1993 .

[22]  S. Mineka,et al.  Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. , 2001, Psychological review.

[23]  L. Ross,et al.  Barriers to conflict resolution , 1995 .

[24]  B. Malle,et al.  Actor-observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior: new answers to an old question. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  L. Festinger,et al.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 2017 .

[26]  A. Maass,et al.  Linguistic intergroup bias: Evidence for in-group-protective motivation. , 1996 .

[27]  Edward E. Jones,et al.  Defensive attribution and the Kelley cube. , 1976 .

[28]  G. Semin,et al.  Language use in intergroup contexts: the linguistic intergroup bias. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[29]  V. Yzerbyt,et al.  Threat and the Group Attribution Error: When Threat Elicits Judgments of Extremity and Homogeneity , 2001 .

[30]  M. Brewer,et al.  Selfish genes vs. selfish people: Sociobiology as origin myth , 1990 .

[31]  J. Clarke,et al.  THE ETIOLOGY OF PHOBIAS: A NONASSOCIATIVE ACCOUNT , 1995 .

[32]  L. Ross,et al.  Psychological Barriers to Dispute Resolution , 1995 .

[33]  Thomas J. Christensen,et al.  Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 , 1996, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[34]  Allan R. Millett,et al.  A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War , 2000 .

[35]  Linnda R. Caporael,et al.  Reviving Evolutionary Psychology: Biology Meets Society , 1991 .

[36]  S. Fein,et al.  Judging others in the shadow of suspicion , 1994 .

[37]  Jack Snyder,et al.  Chain gangs and passed bucks: predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity , 1990, International Organization.

[38]  Chingching Chang,et al.  Country of Origin as a Heuristic Cue: The Effects of Message Ambiguity and Product Involvement , 2004 .

[39]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Neural Circuitry Underlying the Regulation of Conditioned Fear and Its Relation to Extinction , 2008, Neuron.

[40]  R. Janoff-Bulman Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma , 1992 .

[41]  C. Robin Fear: The History of a Political Idea , 2004 .

[42]  R. Ashmore,et al.  An experimental investigation of the double standard in the perception of international affairs , 1979 .

[43]  Lincoln Quillian Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe , 1995 .

[44]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  De novo mRNA synthesis is required for both consolidation and reconsolidation of fear memories in the amygdala. , 2008, Learning & memory.

[45]  K. Cook,et al.  Trust Building via Risk Taking: A Cross-Societal Experiment , 2005 .

[46]  B. Orobio de Castro,et al.  Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: a meta-analysis. , 2002, Child development.

[47]  Michael Katz,et al.  Reactive Devaluation of an “Israeli” vs. “Palestinian” Peace Proposal , 2002 .

[48]  Brian A. Nosek,et al.  A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. , 2002 .

[49]  Barry r. Posen The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars , 1984 .

[50]  Sven Vanneste,et al.  You can judge a book by its cover: the sequel.: A kernel of truth in predictive cheating detection , 2007 .

[51]  Randall L. Schweller Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest , 1998 .

[52]  Joseph G. Weber The Nature of Ethnocentric Attribution Bias: Ingroup Protection or Enhancement? , 1994 .

[53]  Shiping Tang Reputation, Cult of Reputation, and International Conflict , 2005 .

[54]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Accuracy of Deception Judgments , 2006, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[55]  A. Maass,et al.  Linguistic intergroup bias: differential expectancies or in-group protection? , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[56]  Paul K. Huth Reputations and deterrence: A theoretical and empirical assessment , 1997 .

[57]  A. Greenwald The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. , 1980 .

[58]  Ivan D. Steiner,et al.  Paradigms and Groups , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[59]  Bernard Barber,et al.  The Logic and Limits of Trust , 1983 .

[60]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. , 2001, Psychological review.

[61]  K. Dodge,et al.  Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self. , 1987, Child development.

[62]  N. Hadjikhani,et al.  Fear fosters flight: a mechanism for fear contagion when perceiving emotion expressed by a whole body. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. , 1998 .

[64]  R. Jervis Perception and misperception in international politics , 1976 .

[65]  Daniel Nettle,et al.  The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases , 2006, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[66]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer,et al.  Heuristics made easy: an effort-reduction framework. , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[67]  R. Powell BARGAINING THEORY AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT , 2002 .

[68]  R. Hardin One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict , 1995 .

[69]  Tom Pyszczynski,et al.  A Terror Management Theory of Social Behavior: The Psychological Functions of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews , 1991 .

[70]  Roderick M. Kramer,et al.  Collective trust and collective action: The decision to trust as a social decision. , 1996 .

[71]  L. Ross,et al.  Actual versus assumed differences in construal: 'naive realism' in intergroup perception and conflict , 1995 .

[72]  Ken Booth,et al.  The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation, and Trust in World Politics , 2007 .

[73]  Norrin M. Ripsman,et al.  Wishful Thinking or Buying Time The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s , 2008, International Security.

[74]  M. Hollis Trust Within Reason , 1998 .

[75]  Trust and Civil Society , 2000 .

[76]  W. Hippel,et al.  Attributional Mediation of In-Group Bias , 2001 .

[77]  S. Fein Effects of suspicion on attributional thinking and the correspondence bias , 1996 .

[78]  Tom Pyszczynski,et al.  Why Do We Need What We Need? A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation , 1997 .

[79]  Miles Hewstone,et al.  The ‘ultimate attribution error’? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution , 1990 .

[80]  P. Sztompka Trust: A Sociological Theory , 2000 .

[81]  Joshua Correll,et al.  A Model of the Ingroup as a Social Resource , 2005, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[82]  N. Roese,et al.  The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking , 2008, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[83]  P. Andrews,et al.  The psychology of social chess and the evolution of attribution mechanisms: explaining the fundamental attribution error. , 2001, Evolution and human behavior : official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society.

[84]  Robert Jervis,et al.  System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life , 1997 .

[85]  A. Ohman,et al.  The face in the crowd revisited: a threat advantage with schematic stimuli. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[86]  F. GanzH.,et al.  Political Realism and Political Idealism: a Study in Theories and Realities , 1952 .

[87]  B. Malle How the Mind Explains Behavior: Folk Explanations, Meaning, and Social Interaction , 2004 .

[88]  S. Lindskold Trust development, the GRIT proposal, and the effects of conciliatory acts on conflict and cooperation. , 1978 .

[89]  W. Stephan,et al.  An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice , 2000 .

[90]  W. Thompson,et al.  Hegemonic Threats and Great-Power Balancing in Europe, 1495-1999 , 2005 .

[91]  S. Oskamp Attitudes toward U.S. and Russian Actions: A Double Standard , 1965, Psychological reports.

[92]  Dale T. Miller,et al.  Suspicion of ulterior motivation and the correspondence bias. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[93]  J. Koivumaki,et al.  The perception of self and others: acquaintanceship, affect, and actor-observer differences. , 1976, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[94]  B. Malle,et al.  How People Explain Behavior: A New Theoretical Framework , 1999, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[95]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty , 1996, Cognition.

[96]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Attribution Theory and Judgment under Uncertainty , 1975 .

[97]  S. Worchel,et al.  Psychology of intergroup relations , 1986 .

[98]  Shiping Tang Fear in International Politics: Two Positions , 2008 .

[99]  M. Ross,et al.  Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution , 1979 .

[100]  J. Lewis,et al.  Trust as a Social Reality , 1985 .

[101]  Charles L. Glaser Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help , 1994 .

[102]  H. Butterfield History and human relations , 1952 .

[103]  Andrew Kydd,et al.  Trust and Mistrust in International Relations , 2018 .

[104]  T. Pettigrew Applying Social Psychology to International Social Issues , 1998 .

[105]  M. Brewer,et al.  Hierarchical Evolutionary Theory: There Is an Alternative, and It's Not Creationism , 1995 .

[106]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  Motivation and Cognition in Social Life: A Social Survival Perspective , 1995 .

[107]  D. Campbell,et al.  Ethnocentrism: theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior , 1973 .

[108]  Richard A. Bitzinger,et al.  Gorbachev and grit, 1985–89: Did arms control succeed because of unilateral actions or in spite of them? , 1994 .

[109]  F. Heider The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[110]  Claude M. Steele,et al.  DISSONANCE PROCESSES AS SELF-AFFIRMATION , 1983 .

[111]  H. Tajfel Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations , 1982 .

[112]  David C. Funder,et al.  The Evolution of Accuracy and Bias in Social Judgment , 2004 .

[113]  Richard W. Robins,et al.  The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. , 2007 .

[114]  Robert D. Putnam,et al.  Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community , 2000, CSCW '00.

[115]  Peter J. Ahrensdorf The Fear of Death and the Longing for Immortality: Hobbes and Thucydides on Human Nature and the Problem of Anarchy , 2000, American Political Science Review.

[116]  Linnda R. Caporael,et al.  Groups as the Mind's Natural Environment , 1997 .

[117]  Elliot A. Stein,et al.  Functional MRI of human amygdala activity during Pavlovian fear conditioning: Stimulus processing versus response expression , 2003 .

[118]  K. Vohs,et al.  Case Western Reserve University , 1990 .

[119]  D. Hamilton,et al.  Perceiving persons and groups. , 1996, Psychological review.

[120]  Dale T. Miller,et al.  Suspicion and Dispositional Inference , 1993 .

[121]  D. Bar-Tal,et al.  The dominance of fear over hope in the life of individuals and collectives , 2006 .

[122]  J. Mercer Rationality and Psychology in International Politics , 2005, International Organization.

[123]  Donald T. Campbell,et al.  Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives , 1966 .

[124]  Brian C. Rathbun Uncertain about Uncertainty: Understanding the Multiple Meanings of a Crucial Concept in International Relations Theory , 2007 .

[125]  Donal E. Carlston,et al.  Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. , 1989 .

[126]  Roderick M. Kramer,et al.  Paranoid Cognition in Social Systems: Thinking and Acting in the Shadow of Doubt , 1998, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[127]  L. Ross,et al.  Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. , 1981 .

[128]  H. Kelley,et al.  The inference of intentions from moves in the Prisoner's Dilemma game , 1970 .

[129]  Alexander Wendt Social Theory of International Politics: “Ideas all the way down?”: on the constitution of power and interest , 1999 .

[130]  L. Cosmides The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task , 1989, Cognition.

[131]  Alexander Wendt,et al.  Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics , 1992, International Organization.

[132]  F. Fukuyama Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity Penguin London , 1995 .

[133]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. , 1992 .

[134]  David M. Edelstein Managing uncertainty: Beliefs about intentions and the rise of great powers , 2002 .

[135]  D. Buss,et al.  Human Social Motivation in Evolutionary Perspective: Grounding Terror Management Theory , 1997 .

[136]  John H. Herz,et al.  International Politics in the Atomic Age , 1959 .

[137]  Linnda R. Caporael,et al.  An Evolutionary Perspective on Social Identity: Revisiting Groups. , 2006 .

[138]  C. Mitchell A willingness to talk: Conciliatory gestures and de-escalation , 1991 .

[139]  Sammy Smooha Jewish and Arab ethnocentrism in Israel , 1987 .

[140]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[141]  Shelly Chaiken,et al.  Brand name as a heuristic cue: The effects of task importance and expectancy confirmation on consumer judgments. , 1992 .

[142]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Social Roles, Social Control and Biases in Social Perception , 1977 .

[143]  E. B. Montgomery Breaking Out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty , 2006, International Security.

[144]  D. Buss,et al.  Evolutionary Psychology: A New Paradigm for Psychological Science , 1995 .

[145]  Andrew H. Kydd Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation , 2000, International Organization.

[146]  D. Buss The Evolution Of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating , 1994 .

[147]  Donald T. Campbell,et al.  Scientific inquiry and the social sciences , 1981 .

[148]  Rick H. Hoyle,et al.  Individual-Group Discontinuity as a Function of Fear and Greed , 1990 .

[149]  D. Krebs,et al.  Social illusions and self-deception: The evolution of biases in person perception. , 1997 .

[150]  S. Spencer,et al.  Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others , 1997 .

[151]  John J. Skowronski,et al.  The Symbolic Self in Evolutionary Context , 1997, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[152]  Todd D. Nelson The Psychology of Prejudice , 2001 .

[153]  D. Chiappe,et al.  Cheaters Are Looked at Longer and Remembered Better than Cooperators in Social Exchange Situations , 2004 .

[154]  M. Levi,et al.  Political Trust and Trustworthiness , 2000 .

[155]  M. Verkuyten Ethnic group identification and group evaluation among minority and majority groups: testing the multiculturalism hypothesis. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[156]  Neta C. Crawford The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships , 2000, International Security.

[157]  A. Thrall A Bear in the Woods? Threat Framing and the Marketplace of Values , 2007 .

[158]  Chaim Kaufmann Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War , 2004, International Security.

[159]  Daniel T. Gilbert,et al.  Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process. , 1989 .

[160]  M. Banaji,et al.  Perceptions of the Collective Other , 1998, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[161]  C. H. Hansen,et al.  Finding the face in the crowd : An anger superiority effect , 1988 .

[162]  P. Devine Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. , 1989 .

[163]  Michael J. A. Wohl,et al.  Collective guilt: Emotional reactions when one's group has done wrong or been wronged , 2006 .

[164]  C. Osgood,et al.  An alternative to war or surrender , 1963 .

[165]  L. Ross,et al.  The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes , 1977 .

[166]  G. A. Miller,et al.  Book Review Nisbett, R. , & Ross, L.Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980. , 1982 .

[167]  M. Haselton,et al.  Error management theory: a new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[168]  M. Brewer The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate? , 1999 .

[169]  D. Gilbert,et al.  The correspondence bias. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[170]  Chester A. Insko,et al.  Explanations of interindividual – intergroup discontinuity: A review of the evidence , 2007 .

[171]  T. Yamagishi,et al.  Separating Trust from Cooperation in a Dynamic Relationship , 2005 .

[172]  Charles L. Glaser The Security Dilemma Revisited , 1997, World Politics.

[173]  Robin I. M. Dunbar,et al.  Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology , 2007 .

[174]  N. Mamode,et al.  Trust and mistrust , 1994 .

[175]  William D. Gudykunst Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. , 1995 .

[176]  R. Lebow Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis , 1982 .

[177]  Return of the Living Dead , 1997 .

[178]  D. Forsyth The functions of attributions. , 1980 .

[179]  William C. Wohlforth,et al.  Realism and the End of the Cold War , 1994 .

[180]  M. Leary,et al.  Unresolved issues With Terror Management Theory , 1997 .

[181]  A. Fenigstein,et al.  Paranoia and self-consciousness. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[182]  James D. Fearon,et al.  Explaining Interethnic Cooperation , 1996, American Political Science Review.

[183]  M. Hewstone,et al.  ETHNOCENTRISM AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION IN SOUTHEAST-ASIA , 1985 .

[184]  Evolutionary Social Psychology , 2010 .

[185]  H. Simon,et al.  Invariants of human behavior. , 1990, Annual review of psychology.

[186]  K. Dodge Social Competence in Children. , 1986 .

[187]  N. Luhmann Trust and Power , 1979 .

[188]  M. Seligman Phobias and preparedness , 1971 .

[189]  Robert O. Keohane,et al.  After Hegemony , 2005 .

[190]  D. Bem Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. , 1967, Psychological review.

[191]  J. Coleman Foundations of Social Theory , 1990 .

[192]  M. Ross,et al.  Facilitation of ego-biased attributions by means of self-serving observer feedback. , 1977 .

[193]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. , 1999 .

[194]  M. Deutsch Trust and suspicion , 1958 .

[195]  G. Peeters,et al.  Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Evaluations: The Distinction Between Affective and Informational Negativity Effects , 1990 .

[196]  D. Buss The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill , 2005 .

[197]  C. Neil Macrae,et al.  Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. , 1994 .

[198]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[199]  Yuen Foong Khong Analogies at War , 2020 .

[200]  Donald M. Taylor,et al.  Ethnocentrism and Causal Attribution in a South Indian Context , 1974 .

[201]  E. Uslaner The Moral Foundations of Trust: Subject Index , 2002 .

[202]  H. Kelley,et al.  Social interaction basis of cooperators' and competitors' beliefs about others. , 1970 .

[203]  J. Deloache,et al.  Detecting the Snake in the Grass , 2008, Psychological science.

[204]  Dale T. Miller Ego involvement and attributions for success and failure. , 1976 .

[205]  J. Mearsheimer The Tragedy of Great Power Politics , 2002 .

[206]  Robert C. Richardson,et al.  Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology , 2007 .

[207]  G Gigerenzer,et al.  Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality. , 1996, Psychological review.

[208]  A. Seligman The Problem of Trust , 2021 .

[209]  Robert S. Wyer,et al.  Emotional communication in close relationships. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[210]  Michelle K. Ryan,et al.  Does personality explain in-group identification and discrimination? Evidence from the minimal group paradigm. , 2007, The British journal of social psychology.

[211]  T. Yamagishi,et al.  The Group as the Container of Generalized Reciprocity , 2000 .

[212]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Neural and molecular mechanisms of fear memory , 2008 .

[213]  H. Tajfel,et al.  The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. , 2004 .