Amperometric aqueous sol–gel biosensor for low-potential stable choline detection at multi-wall carbon nanotube modified platinum electrode

Abstract A novel amperometric biosensor based on the determination of H 2 O 2 liberated by the enzyme choline oxidase (ChOx) was fabricated by immobilization of ChOx into a sol–gel silicate film on the multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified platinum electrode. Cyclic voltammetric results clearly showed that carbon nanotubes possess an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of H 2 O 2 at a low potential (0.16 V versus Ag/AgCl). The remarkable catalytic property of MWCNT was further exploited as a selective determination scheme for choline in the presence of some electroactive compounds. Experimental parameters of the choline sensor, such as applied potential, pH, and temperature were studied. The performance of the sensor showed sensitive determination of choline with a linear range from 5 × 10 −6 to 1 × 10 −4  M and a response time of less than 8 s. The detection limit of choline was determined to be about 1 × 10 −7  M. This biosensor was used to detect choline released from Lecithin by phospholipase D (PLD) in serum samples.

[1]  R. Wurtman,et al.  Choline increases acetylcholine release and protects against the stimulation-induced decrease in phosphatide levels within membranes of rat corpus striatum , 1989, Brain Research.

[2]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[3]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Glucose biosensor based on ENFET doped with SiO2 nanoparticles , 2004 .

[4]  A. Galal,et al.  The electrochemistry of neurotransmitters at conducting organic polymer electrodes: electrocatalysis and analytical applications , 1995 .

[5]  P. Ueland,et al.  Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. , 2003, Clinical chemistry.

[6]  S. Zeisel,et al.  Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[7]  T. Ichihashi,et al.  Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter , 1993, Nature.

[8]  A. Roda,et al.  A chemiluminescent flow sensing device for determination of choline and phospholipase D activity in biological samples. , 1997, Analytical biochemistry.

[9]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Some new aspects in biosensors. , 2002, Journal of biotechnology.

[10]  J. Rinne,et al.  A postmortem study of brain nicotinic receptors in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease , 1991, Brain Research.

[11]  J. Kauffmann,et al.  Amperometric determination of choline released from rat submandibular gland acinar cells using a choline oxidase biosensor. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[12]  E. Suh,et al.  DC electric field assisted alignment of carbon nanotubes on metal electrodes , 2003 .

[13]  L. Gorton,et al.  Design and development of an amperometric biosensor for acetylcholine determination in brain microdialysates , 1998 .

[14]  R. Yu,et al.  Bienzymatic amperometric biosensor for choline based on mediator thionine in situ electropolymerized within a carbon paste electrode. , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[15]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  S. Dong,et al.  Amperometric glucose biosensor based on sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid material. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Sol-gel-derived titanium oxide/copolymer composite based glucose biosensor. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  Charlier,et al.  Structural and electronic properties of pentagon-heptagon pair defects in carbon nanotubes. , 1996, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[19]  F Moussy,et al.  A ferric chloride pre-treatment to prevent calcification of Nafion membrane used for implantable biosensors. , 1999, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[20]  Liang Ding,et al.  Development of an amperometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized through silica sol–gel film onto Prussian Blue modified electrode , 2004 .

[21]  P. Vadgama,et al.  The modification of enzyme electrode properties with non-conducting electropolymerised films , 1995 .

[22]  L. Blum,et al.  Chemiluminescent choline biosensor using histidine-modified peroxidase immobilised on metal-chelate substituted beads and choline oxidase immobilised on anion-exchanger beads co-entrapped in a photocrosslinkable polymer. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  Serban F. Peteu,et al.  A Clark-type oxidase enzyme-based amperometric microbiosensor for sensing glucose, galactose, or choline , 1996 .

[24]  U. Schlecht,et al.  Electrochemical modification of single carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[25]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  T. Ohsaka,et al.  Electroanalysis of ascorbate and dopamine at a gold electrode modified with a positively charged self-assembled monolayer , 2001 .

[27]  L. Duclaux.  Review of the doping of carbon nanotubes (multiwalled and single-walled) , 2002 .

[28]  M. D. Marazuela,et al.  Determination of choline-containing phospholipids in serum with a fiber-optic biosensor , 1998 .

[29]  A. El'skaya,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide – sensitive enzyme sensor based on phthalocyanine thin film , 1999 .

[30]  M. Scheunemann,et al.  Alterations in cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter receptor densities in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain with β-amyloid plaque pathology , 2003, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience.

[31]  G. Rivas,et al.  Carbon nanotubes paste electrode , 2003 .

[32]  R. Schliebs,et al.  Impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission in adult and aged transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain expressing the Swedish mutation of human β-amyloid precursor protein , 2002, Brain Research.

[33]  Angel Rubio,et al.  Improved Charge Transfer at Carbon Nanotube Electrodes , 1999 .

[34]  Swee Ngin Tan,et al.  Silica sol-gel immobilized amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide , 1996 .

[35]  Pierre R. Coulet,et al.  Direct bioelectrochemical monitoring of choline oxidase kinetic behaviour in Langmuir–Blodgett nanostructures , 1998 .

[36]  G. Gerhardt,et al.  Ceramic-based multisite microelectrode array for rapid choline measures in brain tissue , 2003 .

[37]  A. Michael,et al.  Optimization of amperometric microsensors for monitoring choline in the extracellular fluid of brain tissue , 1995 .