Drought and livestock in semi-arid Africa and southwest Asia

The authors are grateful to all those who took part in the conference, and the revision of this document reflects both specific comments on the text and some of the general discussion that formed part of the conference. We would like to thank Andy Catley, Maryam Fuller and Simon Mack for their observations and additional references; we hope their concerns are reflected in this revised text. This working paper is distributed by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), an independent, non-profit policy research institute, with financial support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) under funding from the Department for International Development. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of ODI, FAO, NRI or the Department for International Development.

[1]  Keith Jamtgaard,et al.  OVERGRAZING IN PASTORAL AREAS THE COMMONS RECONSIDERED , 1981 .

[2]  G. Oba ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN LAND USE CONFLICTS , LAND ADMINISTRATION AND FOOD INSECURITY IN TURKANA , KENYA , 1999 .

[3]  R. Behnke Natural Resource Management in Pastoral Africa , 1994 .

[4]  H. Bergues Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. — Conservation du sol. Etude internationale , 1950, Population.

[5]  J Abbink,et al.  Famine, gold and guns: the suri of southwestern ethiopia, 1985-91. , 1993, Disasters.

[6]  Evelyn Mathias-Mundy Ethnoveterinary medicine : an annotated bibliography , 1989 .

[7]  D. Bourn Cattle, rainfall and tsetse in Africa. , 1978 .

[8]  O. Bennett,et al.  Greenwar : environment and conflict , 1992 .

[9]  S. Nicholson Sub-Saharan Rainfall in the Years 1976–80: Evidence of Continued Drought , 1983 .

[10]  Pierre Hiernaux,et al.  THE CRISIS OF SAHELIAN PASTORALISM: ECOLOGICAL OR ECONOMIC? , 1999 .

[11]  C. Toulmin Drought and the Farming Sector: Loss of Farm Animals and Post-Drought Rehabilitation , 1987 .

[12]  W. Elberse,et al.  PASTURE DYNAMICS AND FORAGE AVAILABILITY IN THE SAHEL , 1979 .

[13]  F. E. Egler Ecosystems of the World , 1960 .

[14]  Monique Mainguet L'homme et la sécheresse , 1995 .

[15]  M. Niamir Traditional African range management techniques: implications for rangeland development , 1991 .

[16]  C. D. Haan Overview of the World Bank's involvement in pastoral development , 1994 .

[17]  G. Oba,et al.  AN OVERVIEW OF DROUGHT STRATEGIES AND LAND USE IN AFRICAN PASTORAL SYSTEMS , 1999 .

[18]  R. S. Harrison,et al.  The Nature of Nomadism: A Comparative Study of Pastoral Migrations in Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa , 1970 .

[19]  J. Sorenson Disaster and development in the Horn of Africa , 1995 .

[20]  Michael H. Glantz,et al.  Drought and hunger in Africa : denying famine a future , 1988 .

[21]  R. Hutchison,et al.  Fighting for survival : insecurity, people and the environment in the Horn of Africa , 1991 .

[22]  David John Le Gall Francois de Haan Cornelis Pratt,et al.  Investing in Pastoralism: Sustainable Natural Resource Use in Arid Africa and the Middle East , 1997 .

[23]  K. Leisinger,et al.  Survival in the Sahel: an ecological and developmental challenge. , 1995 .

[24]  T. Cloudsley Drought and Hunger in Africa: Denying famine a future , 1988 .

[25]  A. Cullis Taking the bull by the horns: NGOs and pastoralists in coalition , 1992 .

[26]  C. Kerven Customary commerce: A historical reassessment of pastoral livestock marketing in Africa , 1992 .

[27]  Stephen Sandford,et al.  Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World , 1984 .

[28]  M. Buchanan-Smith,et al.  Famine early warning and response: the missing link. , 1995 .

[29]  I. Scoones,et al.  Range Ecology At Disequilibrium: New Models Of Natural Variability And Pastoral Adaptation In African Savannas , 1994 .

[30]  S. Devereux Theories of Famine , 1993 .

[31]  M. Awogbade Grazing Reserves in Nigeria , 1987 .

[32]  M. Tiffen The enterprising peasant: Economic development in Gombe Emirate, North Eastern State, Nigeria, 1900-1968 , 1976 .

[33]  Werner-Reimers-Stiftung,et al.  Coping with uncertainty in food supply , 1991 .

[34]  D. Aronson Must Nomads Settle? Some Notes Toward Policy on the Future of Pastoralism , 1980 .

[35]  D. Leonard Structural Reform of the Veterinary Profession in Africa and the New Institutional Economics , 1993 .

[36]  W. Fricke Cattle husbandry in Nigeria: A study of its ecological conditions and social-geographical differentiations , 1982 .

[37]  Penny Allen,et al.  Coping with vulnerability and criticality , 1995 .

[38]  M. Ndoye,et al.  Adaptative Strategies in African Arid Lands , 1993 .

[39]  P. Richards,et al.  African environment : problems and perspectives , 1975 .

[40]  F H Woodrow,et al.  MINISTRY OF OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT. , 1968 .

[41]  T. Binns,et al.  Livestock market data as an early warning indicator of stress in the pastoral economy. , 1995 .

[42]  R. Blench,et al.  Livestock systems research in Nigeria's subhumid zone : proceedings of the second ILCA/NAPRI Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October-2 November, 1984 , 1986 .

[43]  L. Sperling The Adoption of Camels by Samburu Cattle Herders , 1987 .

[44]  D. Stiles Social aspects of sustainable dryland management , 1995 .

[45]  Joel G. Melville,et al.  Technical review , 1991 .

[46]  N. Cross,et al.  At the desert's edge: Oral histories from the Sahel , 1991 .

[47]  J. Galaty,et al.  The Future of Pastoral Peoples. , 1982 .

[48]  N. Atampugre Behind the Lines of Stone: The Social Impact of a Soil and Water Conservation Project in the Sahel , 1993 .

[49]  Z. A. Konczacki The Economics of Pastoralism: A Case Study of Sub-Saharan Africa , 1978 .

[50]  M. Hulme Using Climate Information in Africa: Some Examples Related to Drought, Rainfall Forecasting and Global Warming , 1994 .

[51]  Ian Scoones,et al.  Living with uncertainty : new directions in pastoral development in Africa , 1995 .

[52]  R. Blench,et al.  A history of domestic animals in Northeastern Nigeria , 1995 .

[53]  M. Mortimore,et al.  From agro-pastoralism to mixed farming : the evolution of farming systems in Machakos, Kenya, 1930-1990 , 1993 .

[54]  A. Hjort,et al.  Pastoral change and the role of drought , 1979 .

[55]  R. Roberts Pastoral Production and Society/Production Pastorale et Société , 1982 .

[56]  J. Copans,et al.  Sécheresses et famines du Sahel , 1976 .

[57]  M. Salih Agro-pastoralists response to agricultural policies: the predicament of the Baggara, Western Sudan. , 1990 .

[58]  A. Meir,et al.  Comparative vital statistics along the pastoral nomadism-sedentarism continuum , 1987, Human ecology.

[59]  C. S. Holling Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems , 1973 .

[60]  Siva Kumar Drought spells and drought frequencies in west Africa =: Durée et fréquence des périodes sèches en Afrique de l'Ouest , 1991 .

[61]  Camilla Toulmin,et al.  6. Tracking through drought: options for destocking and restocking , 1995 .

[62]  D. Rogers Section 5.4, Changes in disease vector distributions, in climate change and Southern Africa; an exploration of some potential impacts and implications in the SADC region. , 1996 .

[63]  R. Behnke New directions in African range management policy , 1992 .

[64]  E. Fratkin Pastoralism: Governance and Development Issues , 1997 .

[65]  C. Benson,et al.  The impact of drought on sub-Saharan African economies - a preliminary examination , 1998 .

[66]  P. Salzman,et al.  When nomads settle: Processes of sedentarization as adaptation and response , 1980 .

[67]  Martin Weicker,et al.  Nomades et sédentaires au Sénégal , 1993 .

[68]  A. Hjort,et al.  Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy , 1977 .

[69]  D. Turton,et al.  Spontaneous resettlement after drought: An Ethiopian example*. , 1984, Disasters.

[70]  C. Runge Common Property Externalities: Isolation, Assurance, and Resource Depletion in a Traditional Grazing Context , 1981 .

[71]  M. Awogbade Livestock development and range use in Nigeria , 1980 .

[72]  D. K. Ndagala Production diversification and community development in African pastoral areas. , 1992 .

[73]  W. Goldschmidt A National Livestock Bank: An Institutional Device For Rationalizing the Economy of Tribal Pastoralists , 1975 .

[74]  Great Britain. Nigerian Livestock Mission,et al.  Report of Nigerian Livestock Mission , 1950 .

[75]  J. Markakis Conflict and the decline of pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. , 1993 .

[76]  T. Wigley,et al.  Climatic trends for tropical Africa , 1985 .

[77]  J. Powell,et al.  Manure utilisation, drought cycles and herd dynamics in the Sahel: implications for cropland productivity , 1995 .