Load‐sensitive adhesion factor expression in the elderly with skiing: relation to fiber type and muscle strength

We hypothesized that 12 weeks of downhill skiing mitigates the functional deficits of knee extensor muscles in elderly subjects due to the specific recruitment of fast motor units during forceful turns on the slope. Downhill skiing led to a 1.4‐fold increase in the mean cross‐sectional area of slow (P=0.04)‐ and fast (P=0.08)‐type muscle fibers. Fold changes in the expression of the structural component of focal adhesions, gamma‐vinculin, were correlated with alterations in concentric force (r=0.64). Hypertrophy of fast fibers was more pronounced in women than in men (1.7 vs 1.1). Gender‐specific structural–functional adjustments of knee extensor muscles and attached patellar tendon were reflected by altered expression of pro‐ vs de‐adhesive proteins and a number of correlations. The de‐adhesive protein tenascin‐C was selectively increased in women compared with men (1.7 vs 1.1) while the content of the adhesive collagen XII was specifically reduced in women. The pro‐adhesive focal adhesion kinase showed a specific increase in men compared with women (1.9 vs 1.1). Our findings indicate that quantitatively matched adaptations in slow and fast motor units of extensor muscle underlie the preventive effect of skiing against sarcopenia and support that hypertrophy and reinforcement of fiber adhesion operate in the improvement of muscle strength.

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