Atlas of marine-fouling bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours

Forty species of native and exotic marine bryozoans are currently recognised as foulers of vessels and submerged artificial surfaces in New Zealand ports and harbours. Some 42% of species mentioned in a 1965 OECD catalogue of main marine-fouling organisms of European waters now occur in New Zealand and more may yet come to be recorded, based on past trends — exotic bryozoans have been coming into New Zealand at least since the 1890s, including nine species not recorded in the OECD catalogue. The most ubiquitous fouling bryozoans in New Zealand, occurring at a significant number of the ports and smaller harbours, are seven well-known subcosmopolitan species — in order of their chronological introductions these are Cryptosula pallasiana, Bugula neritina, Bugula flabellata, Tricellaria occidentalis, Bugula stolonifera, Conopeum seurati, and Watersipora subtorquata. Most have been recorded for the first time only since the late 1940s. Only 11 endemic species have been encountered as foulers in ports and harbours and these are minor components of little nuisance value. Keywords; Marine Bryozoa, New Zealand, ports, harbours, larvae, introduced species, Cryptosula, Bugula, Tricellaria, Conopeum, Watersipora, settlement season, key to species, control 1 N.Z. Oceanographic Institute, DSIR Marine and Freshwater, P.O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND 2 Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, JAPAN New records of marine-fouling species for New Zealand include (after adjustment for synonymies) Aeverrillia armata, Buskia socialis, Electra tenella, Bugula simplex, and Schizoporella errata. The report discusses the biology of bryozoan larvae at the time of settlement and metamorphosis, the most critical and susceptible phase in marine fouling, as well as the invasive strategies of marine-fouling species. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for each of the 40 species as well as a key to identification and information on reproduction and settlement season where these are known. Suggestions are aiso given on ameliorating the problem of marinebryozoan fouling.

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