Concurrent design of vehicle tires and axles

Concept design of both axles and tires is difficult, because they simultaneously affect many different objective quantities in vehicle dynamics related to, e.g., self-steering behavior, transient behavior, maximum lateral acceleration, etc. Typically, the tire performance is evaluated using a specified axle design (or vice versa) and then optimized. This way, the optimal tire will depend on the axle that was chosen. If the axle design changes during the development process, the vehicle performance will suffer. Similarly, the optimal tire or axle for one vehicle may not be sufficient for another vehicle from the same platform or vehicle architecture.