WHILE THE UNITED STATES GRAPPLES WITH THE challenge of health care costs that contribute to high rates of poor-quality care, burdens to business competitiveness, and looming government deficits, clearly there are areas in which health care spending does not add to the health of individuals and communities. The polarizing political environment makes it difficult to conduct rational public discussions about this issue, but clinicians and consumers can change the nature of this debate to the potential benefit of patients, the medical profession, and the nation. The initial focus should be on overuse of medical resources, which not only is a leading factor in the high level of spending on health care but also places patients at risk of harm. In fact, some estimates suggest that as much as 30% of all health care spending is wasted. To reduce unnecessary tests and procedures, physicians will need to play a leading role—their decisions account for about 80% of health care expenditures. Yet physicians do not always have the most current effectiveness data, and despite acting in good faith, they can recommend diagnostic or therapeutic interventions that are no longer considered essential. Also, research shows that physicians may need help communicating these matters to their patients. This may be especially difficult when clinicians and consumers are deluged with advertising and promotion. Clinicians often report feeling compelled to accommodate patients’ requests for interventions they know are unnecessary. At the same time, patients need trustworthy information to help them better understand that more care is not always better care, and in some cases can actually cause more harm than good. A major goal of health care reform is enhancing “patientcentered care.” Patients, and consumer groups representing them, express increasing interest in forging true partnerships with their clinicians, with real-time access to their own medical records, to science-based comparative effectiveness information, and to health care delivery environments built to enhance both comfort and personalization of medical care. Patient engagement, as 1 of the 6 major initiatives of the National Priorities Partnership of the National Quality Forum, promises more informed and involved patients as decision makers. To make good on this promise requires transparent and credible information about the relative value and risk of various medical diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. To help reduce waste in the US health care system and promote physician and patient conversations about making wise choices about treatments, 9 medical specialty societies have joined the ABIM (American Board of Internal Medicine) Foundation and Consumer Reports in the first phase of the Choosing Wisely campaign, including the following: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Cardiology; American College of Physicians; American College of Radiology; American Gastroenterological Association; American Society of Clinical Oncology; American Society of Nephrology; and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. As part of Choosing Wisely, each society has developed a list of 5 tests, treatments, or services that are commonly used in that specialty and for which the use should be reevaluated by patients and clinicians. Those lists were released on April 4, 2012, at a national event in Washington, DC. Additionally, other societies, consumer organizations, and physician organizations have asked how they can become part of this effort to engage physicians and patients in conversations about tests and procedures that should rarely be used. The early origins of this campaign can be found in “Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter.” Authored in 2002 by the ABIM Foundation, American College of Physicians Foundation, and European Federation of Internal Medicine, the charter has as its fundamental principles the primacy of patient welfare, pa-
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