Anatomy and function of the glenohumeral ligaments in anterior shoulder instability.

The anatomy of the glenohumeral ligaments has been shown to be complex and variable and their function is highly dependent on the position of the humerus with respect to the glenoid. The superior glenohumeral ligament with the coracohumeral ligament was shown to be an important stabilizer in the inferior direction, even though the coracohumeral ligament is much more robust than the superior glenohumeral ligament. The middle glenohumeral ligament provides anterior stability at 45 degrees and 60 degrees abduction whereas the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex is the most important stabilizer against anteroinferior shoulder dislocation. Therefore, this component of the capsule is the most frequently injured structure. An appropriate surgical procedure to repair the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex after shoulder dislocation must be considered. In addition, a detached labrum can lead to recurrent anterior instability and a compromised inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. However, additional capsular injury usually is necessary to allow anterior dislocation.

[1]  Freddie H. Fu,et al.  Contribution of the passive properties of the rotator cuff to glenohumeral stability during anterior-posterior loading. , 1999, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[2]  B. Reeves,et al.  Experiments on the tensile strength of the anterior capsular structures of the shoulder in man. , 1968, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[3]  Freddie H. Fu,et al.  Tensile properties of the superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments. , 1996, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[4]  S. Nielsen,et al.  Experimental distal subluxation in the glenohumeral joint , 2004, Archives of orthopaedic and traumatic surgery.

[5]  Freddie H. Fu,et al.  An analytical approach to determine the in situ forces in the glenohumeral ligaments. , 1999, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[6]  P. Cawley,et al.  Strain of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament during capsule failure. , 1997, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[7]  N. Ito,et al.  Strength of the glenoid labrum and adjacent shoulder capsule. , 1996, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[8]  F. Girgis,et al.  Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. , 1981, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[9]  R. Warren,et al.  Capsular restraints to anterior-posterior motion of the abducted shoulder: a biomechanical study. , 1995, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[10]  J A Sidles,et al.  The role of the rotator interval capsule in passive motion and stability of the shoulder. , 1992, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[11]  J. Jerosch,et al.  The anatomy of the glenohumeral ligamentous complex and its contribution to anterior shoulder stability. , 1998, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[12]  R. Guldberg,et al.  Anterior shoulder stability: Contributions of rotator cuff forces and the capsular ligaments in a cadaver model. , 1992, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[13]  S A Petersen,et al.  Posterior shoulder instability. , 2000, The Orthopedic clinics of North America.

[14]  K. An,et al.  Bulk effect of rotator cuff on inferior glenohumeral stability as function of scapular inclination angle: a cadaver study. , 1993, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  J. Uribe,et al.  Arthroscopic evaluation of acute initial anterior shoulder dislocations , 1990, The American journal of sports medicine.

[16]  P. Gleyze,et al.  Evolution of lesions of the labrum-ligament complex in posttraumatic anterior shoulder instability: a prospective study. , 1999, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[17]  C. Gerber,et al.  Anatomy and functional aspects of the rotator interval. , 2000, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[18]  P J McMahon,et al.  The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament: biomechanical properties from tensile testing in the position of apprehension. , 1998, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[19]  T. Wickiewicz,et al.  The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder , 1990, The American journal of sports medicine.

[20]  R. Warren,et al.  Static capsuloligamentous restraints to superior-inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint , 1992, The American journal of sports medicine.

[21]  K. Speer,et al.  Traumatic Anterior Glenohumeral Instability: The Role of Arthroscopy , 1997, The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

[22]  D. Bokor,et al.  Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. , 1999, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[23]  J. O. Søjbjerg,et al.  Distal humeral migration as a component of multidirectional shoulder instability. An anatomical study in autopsy specimens. , 1990, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[24]  Freddie H. Fu,et al.  In situ force distribution in the glenohumeral joint capsule during anterior‐posterior loading , 1999, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[25]  F. Savoie,et al.  Humeral and glenoid detachment of the anterior inferior glenohumeral ligament: a cause of anterior shoulder instability. , 1997, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[26]  Valentine Flood.  DISCOVERY OF A NEW LIGAMENT OF THE SHOULDER JOINT. , 1830 .

[27]  D. Kaltsas.  Comparative study of the properties of the shoulder joint capsule with those of other joint capsules. , 1983, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[28]  R. J. Pawluk,et al.  Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament , 1992, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[29]  F. Gohlke,et al.  The pattern of the collagen fiber bundles of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint. , 1994, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[30]  A. Bankart.  The pathology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder‐joint , 1938 .

[31]  S L Woo,et al.  Measurement of mechanical properties of ligament substance from a bone‐ligament‐bone preparation , 1983, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[32]  L. Soslowsky,et al.  Active and passive factors in inferior glenohumeral stabilization: a biomechanical model. , 1997, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[33]  G. Nuber,et al.  The contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments to anterior stability of the shoulder joint , 1990, The American journal of sports medicine.

[34]  S L Woo,et al.  The time and history-dependent viscoelastic properties of the canine medical collateral ligament. , 1981, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[35]  P J McMahon,et al.  The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Assessment of its permanent deformation and the anatomy of its glenoid attachment. , 1999, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[36]  T. P. Goss.  Anterior glenohumeral instability. , 1988, Orthopedics.

[37]  R. J. Pawluk,et al.  Inferior glenohumeral ligament: geometric and strain-rate dependent properties. , 1996, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[38]  P. McMahon,et al.  Age related biomechanical properties of the glenoid-anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament-humerus complex. , 1999, Clinical biomechanics.