Sexual networks in contemporary Western societies

Sexually transmitted infections continue to be a severe health problem in contemporary Western societies, despite the considerable funds allocated for control programs. In this article, we present and discuss a variety of explanations that have been advanced on why this type of disease is so hard to eradicate, despite the fact that the contact by which it is spread is far less frequent than is the case with most other infectious diseases. We conclude that several processes and mechanisms facilitate the spread of sexually infected diseases, and that both broad and targeted intervention is therefore needed to eradicate such diseases.

[1]  H. Kautiainen,et al.  Nationwide Increase of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Finland: Highest Rise Among Adolescent Women and Men , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[2]  M. Handcock,et al.  Social networks (communication arising): Sexual contacts and epidemic thresholds , 2003, Nature.

[3]  A. J. Hall Infectious diseases of humans: R. M. Anderson & R. M. May. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press, 1991. viii + 757 pp. Price £50. ISBN 0-19-854599-1 , 1992 .

[4]  J. Yorke,et al.  Gonorrhea Transmission Dynamics and Control , 1984 .

[5]  L. Amaral,et al.  Sexual contacts and epidemic thresholds - Reply , 2003 .

[6]  J. Hyman,et al.  Using mathematical models to understand the AIDS epidemic , 1988 .

[7]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  Ego-centered networks and the ripple effect , 2001, Soc. Networks.

[8]  M. Handcock,et al.  An assessment of preferential attachment as a mechanism for human sexual network formation , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[9]  Luís A. Nunes Amaral,et al.  Sexual networks: implications for the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. , 2003, Microbes and infection.

[10]  John J. Potterat,et al.  The Atlanta Urban Networks Study: a blueprint for endemic transmission , 2000, AIDS.

[11]  Alessandro Vespignani,et al.  Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[12]  O. Diekmann Mathematical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases , 1996 .

[13]  L. Falk,et al.  Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis Would Improve Contact Tracing , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[14]  L. Amaral,et al.  The web of human sexual contacts , 2001, Nature.

[15]  Martina Morris,et al.  Concurrent Partnerships and Trans-mission Dynamics in Networks , 1995 .

[16]  M Kretzschmar,et al.  Measures of concurrency in networks and the spread of infectious disease. , 1996, Mathematical biosciences.

[17]  M. Kretzschmar,et al.  Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV , 1997, AIDS.

[18]  E. Laumann,et al.  Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation. , 1999, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[19]  R. May,et al.  How Viruses Spread Among Computers and People , 2001, Science.

[20]  K. Holmes,et al.  Spatial Bridges for the Importation of Gonorrhea and Chlamydial Infection , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[21]  Chava Nachmias,et al.  Research Methods in the Social Sciences , 1976 .

[22]  J. Wylie,et al.  Patterns of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Infection in Sexual Networks in Manitoba, Canada , 2001, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[23]  M. Altmann,et al.  Susceptible-infected-removed epidemic models with dynamic partnerships , 1995, Journal of mathematical biology.

[24]  S Q Muth,et al.  Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  Wendy Macdowall,et al.  Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours , 2001, The Lancet.

[26]  A. Klovdahl,et al.  Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases: the AIDS example. , 1985, Social science & medicine.

[27]  Marshall C. Yovits,et al.  Ohio State University , 1974, SGAR.

[28]  Duncan J. Watts,et al.  Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks , 1998, Nature.

[29]  M. Altmann,et al.  The deterministic limit of infectious disease models with dynamic partners. , 1998, Mathematical biosciences.

[30]  M. Morris,et al.  Telling tails explain the discrepancy in sexual partner reports , 1993, Nature.

[31]  J. Giesecke,et al.  Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology , 1994 .

[32]  E. Kandel,et al.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Annual subject and author indexes. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  B. M. Fulk MATH , 1992 .

[34]  Teresa Cabral,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 genotypic diversity and concordance with sexual network data. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.