Titanium implant surface modification by cathodic reduction in hydrofluoric acid: surface characterization and in vivo performance.

Etching is used for the surface modification of titanium to improve the implant performance in bone. In this study, pure titanium implants were surface modified by a cathodic reduction process by using hydrofluoric acid (HF) at various concentrations (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 vol %) and a constant current of 1 mA/cm(2). The resulting surface microtopographies were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and profilometry, while the surface chemical contents were evaluated by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The competitive forces between ionic surface implementation induced by the current direction and the HF etching effect on titanium were highlighted. The implant performance was evaluated in an in vivo rabbit model by using a pull-out test method. The group of implants modified with 0.01% HF showed the highest retention in bone. Fluoride and hydride amounts measured in the surfaces, as well as surface skewness (S(sk)), kurtosis (S(ku)), and core fluid retention (S(ci)) were positively correlated to the implant's retention in bone in vivo. Frequently used parameters for characterizing the implant, such as oxide content and the average height deviation from the mean plane (S(a)), were not correlated to implant performance, suggesting that these parameters are not the most important in predicting the implant performance.