Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity.

This review examines the role of cross-presentation in tolerance and immunity. We discuss (a) the antigenic requirements for cross-presentation, (b) the phenotype of the antigen presenting cell (APC), (c) the cellular interactions and molecular signals involved in cross-priming, and (d) the factors that direct the immune system toward tolerance or immunity. A large part of this review is dedicated to summarizing our current knowledge of the cross-presenting APC.

[1]  W. Heath,et al.  Induction of a CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response by Cross-priming Requires Cognate CD4+ T Cell Help , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[2]  D. Pardoll,et al.  In vivo cross-priming of MHC class I-restricted antigens requires the TAP transporter. , 1996, Immunity.

[3]  Stephen P. Schoenberger,et al.  T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40–CD40L interactions , 1998, Nature.

[4]  D. Finegood,et al.  Neonatal beta-cell apoptosis: a trigger for autoimmune diabetes? , 2000, Diabetes.

[5]  R. Andino,et al.  Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haematopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen , 1999, Nature.

[6]  L. Husmann,et al.  Cooperation between Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Precursors , 1988, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[7]  G. Dougan,et al.  MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic lymphocyte responses induced by enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[8]  F. Wong,et al.  Neonatal Tumor Necrosis Factor α Promotes Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Cd154-Independent Antigen Presentation to Cd8+ T Cells , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[9]  J Savill,et al.  Thrombospondin cooperates with CD36 and the vitronectin receptor in macrophage recognition of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. , 1992, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[10]  R. Germain,et al.  Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of peptides derived from soluble exogenous antigen by a subset of cells engaged in phagocytosis , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[11]  I. Lieberam,et al.  Peripheral tolerance of CD4 T cells following local activation in adolescent mice , 1996, European journal of immunology.

[12]  R. Steinman,et al.  Macrophages, but not dendritic cells, accumulate colloidal carbon following administration in situ. , 1993, Journal of cell science.

[13]  J. Yewdell,et al.  Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications for generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. , 1999, Advances in immunology.

[14]  C. Kurts,et al.  Brief Definitive Report Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I–restricted Cross-presentation Is Biased towards High Dose Antigens and Those Released during Cellular Destruction , 2022 .

[15]  R. Buller,et al.  Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses in vivo in the absence of CD4 helper cells , 1987, Nature.

[16]  H. Pircher,et al.  Ablation of “tolerance” and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice , 1991, Cell.

[17]  David W. Marsh,et al.  CD4+ T Cell Tolerance to Parenchymal Self-Antigens Requires Presentation by Bone Marrow–derived Antigen-presenting Cells , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[18]  J. Soulillou,et al.  Rat Spleen Dendritic Cells Express Natural Killer Cell Receptor Protein 1 (NKR-P1) and Have Cytotoxic Activity to Select Targets via a Ca2+-dependent Mechanism , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[19]  V. Barnaba,et al.  Selective killing of hepatitis B envelope antigen-specific B cells by class I-restricted, exogenous antigen-specific T lymphocytes , 1990, Nature.

[20]  Richard A. Flavell,et al.  Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling , 1998, Nature.

[21]  Polly Matzinger,et al.  A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell , 1998, Nature.

[22]  J. Miller,et al.  CD8 T cell ignorance or tolerance to islet antigens depends on antigen dose. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  N. Shastri,et al.  Class I MHC presentation of exogenous soluble antigen via macropinocytosis in bone marrow macrophages. , 1995, Immunity.

[24]  N. Shastri,et al.  Interleukin 3 enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte development and class I major histocompatibility complex "re-presentation" of exogenous antigen by tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli,et al.  Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. , 1998, Science.

[26]  P. Campbell,et al.  Macrophages as accessory cells for class I MHC-restricted immune responses. , 1991, Journal of immunology.

[27]  C. Janeway,et al.  The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self. , 1992, Immunology today.

[28]  E. Gilboa,et al.  Dendritic cell/macrophage precursors capture exogenous antigen for MHC class I presentation by dendritic cells , 1998, European journal of immunology.

[29]  P. Matzinger,et al.  A fail-safe mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance , 1992, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[30]  Stefania Gallucci,et al.  Natural adjuvants: Endogenous activators of dendritic cells , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[31]  R. Steinman,et al.  Efficient Presentation of Phagocytosed Cellular Fragments on the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Products of Dendritic Cells , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[32]  James M. Wilson,et al.  CD40 Ligand-Dependent T Cell Activation: Requirement of B7-CD28 Signaling Through CD40 , 1996, Science.

[33]  J. Reimann,et al.  Priming MHC-I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to exogenous hepatitis B surface antigen is CD4+ T cell dependent. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[34]  F. Suzuki,et al.  Decrease in adipose S-100 protein levels by epinephrine in rat. , 1983, Journal of biochemistry.

[35]  J. Kapp,et al.  Exogenous antigens gain access to the major histocompatibility complex class I processing pathway in B cells by receptor-mediated uptake , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[36]  R. Steinman,et al.  Dendritic cells and the control of immunity , 1998, Nature.

[37]  A. Czitrom,et al.  Ontogeny of priming of cytotoxic T cells to minor alloantigens: the development of direct priming precedes that of cross‐priming , 1986, European journal of immunology.

[38]  M. Bachmann,et al.  CD8+ T Cells Mediate CD40-independent Maturation of Dendritic Cells In Vivo , 1999, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[39]  J. Forman,et al.  Helper activity is required for the in vivo generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes , 1982, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[40]  D. Cassell,et al.  Linked Recognition of Helper and Cytotoxic Antigenic Determinants for the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes a , 1988, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[41]  Loise M. Francisco,et al.  Immature Dendritic Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Cells via αvβ5 and CD36, and Cross-present Antigens to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[42]  Nina Bhardwaj,et al.  Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells , 2000 .

[43]  D. Carvajal,et al.  IL-12-Deficient Mice Are Defective in IFNγ Production and Type 1 Cytokine Responses , 1996 .

[44]  C. Kurts,et al.  Class I–restricted Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Self-Antigens Leads to Deletion of Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[45]  P. Srivastava,et al.  Cellular requirements for tumor-specific immunity elicited by heat shock proteins: tumor rejection antigen gp96 primes CD8+ T cells in vivo. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  K. Rock,et al.  Cloned dendritic cells can present exogenous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[47]  C. Harding,et al.  Phagocytic processing of exogenous particulate antigens by macrophages for presentation by class I MHC molecules. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[48]  M. Battegay,et al.  Fibroblasts as efficient antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid organs. , 1995, Science.

[49]  C Danieli,et al.  Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[50]  Sally R. M. Clarke,et al.  The critical role of CD40/CD40L in the CD4‐dependent generation of CD8+ T cell immunity , 2000, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[51]  J. Davoust,et al.  Processing of engulfed apoptotic bodies yields T cell epitopes. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[52]  C. Janeway,et al.  A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity , 1997, Nature.

[53]  C. Kurts,et al.  Ontogeny of T cell tolerance to peripherally expressed antigens. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  C. Rugarli,et al.  Immunogenicity of apoptotic cells in vivo: role of antigen load, antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[55]  C. Benoist,et al.  Initiation of Autoimmune Diabetes by Developmentally Regulated Presentation of Islet Cell Antigens in the Pancreatic Lymph Nodes , 1999, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[56]  M. Colombo,et al.  Dendritic Cells Infiltrating Tumors Cotransduced with Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (Gm-Csf) and Cd40 Ligand Genes Take up and Present Endogenous Tumor-Associated Antigens, and Prime Naive Mice for a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response , 1999, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[57]  U. Grohmann,et al.  IL-12 is both required and sufficient for initiating T cell reactivity to a class I-restricted tumor peptide (P815AB) following transfer of P815AB-pulsed dendritic cells. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[58]  E. Jaffee,et al.  Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. , 1994, Science.

[59]  M. Albert,et al.  Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs , 1998, Nature.

[60]  S. Bonner-Weir,et al.  Dynamics of β-cell Mass in the Growing Rat Pancreas: Estimation With a Simple Mathematical Model , 1995, Diabetes.

[61]  C. Walker,et al.  Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[62]  K. Rock,et al.  Efficient major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous antigen upon phagocytosis by macrophages. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  H. Rammensee,et al.  Cross-priming of minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells upon immunization with the heat shock protein gp96 , 1995, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[64]  A. Prescott,et al.  Constitutive macropinocytosis allows TAP‐dependent major histocompatibility compex class I presentation of exogenous soluble antigen by bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells , 1997, European journal of immunology.

[65]  C. Janeway,et al.  An ancient system of host defense. , 1998, Current opinion in immunology.

[66]  S. Bonner-Weir,et al.  Apoptosis participates in the remodeling of the endocrine pancreas in the neonatal rat. , 1997, Endocrinology.

[67]  R. Pederson,et al.  Enhanced glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion and insulinotropic action in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor -/- mice. , 1998, Diabetes.

[68]  A. Müllbacher,et al.  The generation and activation of memory class I MHC restricted cytotoxic T cell responses to influenza A virus in vivo do not require CD4+ T cells , 1989, Immunology and cell biology.

[69]  M. Bevan.  Cross-priming for a secondary cytotoxic response to minor H antigens with H-2 congenic cells which do not cross-react in the cytotoxic assay , 1976, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[70]  P. Matzinger.  Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. , 1994, Annual review of immunology.

[71]  J. Petrik,et al.  Apoptosis in the pancreatic islet cells of the neonatal rat is associated with a reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor II that may act as a survival factor. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[72]  P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli,et al.  Fcγ Receptor–mediated Induction of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I–restricted Antigen Presentation after Immune Complex Internalization , 1999, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[73]  J. Pfeifer,et al.  Phagocytic processing of bacterial antigens for class I MHC presentation to T cells , 1993, Nature.

[74]  C. Kurts,et al.  Cross-tolerance: A Pathway for Inducing Tolerance to Peripheral Tissue Antigens , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[75]  R. Germain,et al.  Predominant Role for Directly Transfected Dendritic Cells in Antigen Presentation to CD8+ T Cells after Gene Gun Immunization , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[76]  P. Srivastava,et al.  Generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and memory T cells by immunization with tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96. , 1998, Journal of immunotherapy.

[77]  F. Huang,et al.  A Discrete Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells Transports Apoptotic Intestinal Epithelial Cells to T Cell Areas of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[78]  J. Miller,et al.  Constitutive class I-restricted exogenous presentation of self antigens in vivo , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[79]  W. Heath,et al.  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation by cross-priming. , 1999, Current opinion in immunology.

[80]  Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: Role of anti-self (virus) immune response , 1991, Cell.

[81]  P. Trouvé,et al.  Expression and Localization of the Annexins II, V, and VI in Myocardium from Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure , 2000, Laboratory Investigation.

[82]  D. Newsome,et al.  Zinc deficiency and oxidative stress in the retina of pigmented rats. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[83]  C. Janeway,et al.  Requirement for CD40 Ligand in Costimulation Induction, T Cell Activation, and Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis , 1996, Science.

[84]  C. Janeway,et al.  Innate Immunity: The Virtues of a Nonclonal System of Recognition , 1997, Cell.

[85]  D. Pardoll,et al.  Cd40-Independent Pathways of T Cell Help for Priming of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[86]  M. Bevan,et al.  Class I-restricted processing and presentation of exogenous cell- associated antigen in vivo , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[87]  M. Schilham,et al.  Normal development and function of CD8+ cells but markedly decreased helper cell activity in mice lacking CD4 , 1991, Nature.

[88]  L. Gooding,et al.  H-2 antigen requirements in the in vitro induction of SV40-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. , 1980, Journal of immunology.

[89]  A. Lanzavecchia,et al.  Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.