Clinical Research in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention: LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD

Cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention (CR/SP) programs are considered standard of care and provide critically important resources for optimizing the care of cardiac patients. The objective of this article is to briefly review the evolution of CR/SP programs from a singular exercise intervention to its current, more comprehensive multifaceted approach. In addition, we offer perspective on critical concerns and suggest future research considerations to optimize the effectiveness and utilization of CR/SP program interventions.

[1]  H. Arthur,et al.  Predicting cardiac rehabilitation enrollment: the role of automatic physician referral , 2006, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology.

[2]  S. Normand,et al.  Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[3]  S. Smith Risk reduction therapies for patients with coronary artery disease: a call for increased implementation. , 1998, The American journal of medicine.

[4]  D. Green,et al.  Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training improves functional capacity and strength in CHF. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[5]  S. Ebrahim,et al.  Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[6]  Nilay D Shah,et al.  Long-term medication adherence after myocardial infarction: experience of a community. , 2009, The American journal of medicine.

[7]  D. Stewart,et al.  Contribution of patient and physician factors to cardiac rehabilitation enrollment: a prospective multilevel study , 2008, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology.

[8]  Theresa M. Beckie,et al.  Predicting Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance in a Gender‐Tailored Randomized Clinical Trial , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[9]  D. Brooks,et al.  A prospective comparison of cardiac rehabilitation enrollment following automatic vs usual referral. , 2007, Journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[10]  J. Jungbauer,et al.  Feasibility of a multi-state outcomes program for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. , 1999, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[11]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. , 2010, Circulation.

[12]  Romain Meeusen,et al.  Long-term effect of rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients: randomized clinical trial of the impact of exercise volume , 2010, Clinical rehabilitation.

[13]  J. Tu,et al.  Heart failure in the ethnic minorities , 2010, Current opinion in cardiology.

[14]  Al Ozonoff,et al.  Effect of an American Heart Association Get With the Guidelines program-based clinical pathway on referral and enrollment into cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[15]  D. Stewart,et al.  Automatic Referral to Cardiac Rehabilitation , 2004, Medical care.

[16]  D. Stewart,et al.  Increasing access to cardiac rehabilitation: automatic referral to the program nearest home. , 2004, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[17]  C. Lamendola,et al.  National Survey on Gender Differences in Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs. Patient characteristics and enrollment patterns. , 1996, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[18]  Leo Smith,et al.  American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation , 1986 .

[19]  C. Barton,et al.  Quality of life measures and gender comparisons in North Carolina Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs. , 2001, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[20]  R. Krauss,et al.  Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). , 1994, Circulation.

[21]  E. Reisin,et al.  The Obesity Paradox and Cardiovascular Disease , 2010, Current hypertension reports.

[22]  G. Fletcher Current status of cardiac rehabilitation. , 1992, American family physician.

[23]  J. Beyene,et al.  Timeline for peak improvements during 52 weeks of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. , 2004, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[24]  V. Roger,et al.  Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation. , 2009, American heart journal.

[25]  D. Stewart,et al.  Effect of cardiac rehabilitation referral strategies on utilization rates: a prospective, controlled study. , 2011, Archives of internal medicine.

[26]  M. E. Cress,et al.  Effects of resistance training on physical function in older disabled women with coronary heart disease. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[27]  G. Balady,et al.  Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs. , 2005, American heart journal.

[28]  M. Pfeffer,et al.  AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. , 2006, Circulation.

[29]  V. Salomaa,et al.  Relationship of socioeconomic status to the incidence and prehospital, 28-day, and 1-year mortality rates of acute coronary events in the FINMONICA myocardial infarction register study. , 2000, Circulation.

[30]  C. Lavie,et al.  Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and its associated mortality. , 2007, The American journal of medicine.

[31]  M. LeWinter,et al.  Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure. , 2011, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[32]  Theresa M. Beckie,et al.  The effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program tailored for women on global quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. , 2010, Journal of women's health.

[33]  P. Ades Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[34]  Vera Bittner,et al.  Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Pr , 2007, Circulation.

[35]  C. Barton,et al.  Quality of life measures and gender comparisons in North Carolina Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs. , 2000, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[36]  S. Keteyian,et al.  Clinical evidence for a health benefit from cardiac rehabilitation: an update. , 2006, American heart journal.

[37]  K. Schulman,et al.  Relationship Between Cardiac Rehabilitation and Long-Term Risks of Death and Myocardial Infarction Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries , 2010, Circulation.

[38]  P. Savage,et al.  Changing Clinical Profile of Patients Entering Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: 1996 to 2006 , 2008, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[39]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. , 2010, Circulation.

[40]  H. Arthur,et al.  Effect of a postoperative telephone intervention on attendance at intake for cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2005, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[41]  N. T. ten Hacken,et al.  The effects of a lifestyle physical activity counseling program with feedback of a pedometer during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: a pilot study. , 2006, Patient education and counseling.

[42]  Li Liang,et al.  Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation referral in coronary artery disease patients: findings from the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines Program. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[43]  S. Keteyian,et al.  Peak aerobic capacity predicts prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease. , 2008, American heart journal.

[44]  Rowena J Dolor,et al.  Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women--2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[45]  B. Franklin,et al.  Program participation, exercise adherence, cardiovascular outcomes, and program cost of traditional versus modified cardiac rehabilitation. , 2000, The American journal of cardiology.

[46]  H. Bethell CARDIAC REHABILITATION: FROM HELLERSTEIN TO THE MILLENNIUM , 2000, International journal of clinical practice.

[47]  M. Vitcenda The Wisconsin outcomes experience: baseline outcomes of the WISCVPR Web-based Outcomes Project. , 2003, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[48]  angesichts der Corona-Pandemie,et al.  UPDATE , 1973, The Lancet.

[49]  J. Harvey-Berino,et al.  High-Calorie-Expenditure Exercise: A New Approach to Cardiac Rehabilitation for Overweight Coronary Patients , 2009, Circulation.

[50]  G. Lip,et al.  Heart failure—the importance of ethnicity , 2004, European journal of heart failure.

[51]  M. Lauer,et al.  Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Su , 2005, Circulation.

[52]  Sharon-Lise T Normand,et al.  Use of Cardiac Rehabilitation by Medicare Beneficiaries After Myocardial Infarction or Coronary Bypass Surgery , 2007, Circulation.

[53]  I. Piña,et al.  A controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation in the home setting using electrocardiographic and voice transtelephonic monitoring , 2000 .

[54]  K. Alexander,et al.  Testing an intervention to increase cardiac rehabilitation enrollment after coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[55]  G. Lip,et al.  Bmc Cardiovascular Disorders Home-based versus Hospital-based Cardiac Rehabilitation after Myocardial Infarction or Revascularisation: Design and Rationale of the Birmingham Rehabilitation Uptake Maximisation Study (brum): a Randomised Controlled Trial [isrctn72884263] Cardiac Rehabilitationrandomis , 2022 .

[56]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. , 2011, Circulation.

[57]  V. Bittner,et al.  Referral patterns to a University-based cardiac rehabilitation program. , 1999, The American journal of cardiology.

[58]  C. Certo History of cardiac rehabilitation. , 1985, Physical therapy.

[59]  V. Somers,et al.  Prognostic importance of weight loss in patients with coronary heart disease regardless of initial body mass index , 2008, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology.

[60]  L. Tavazzi,et al.  Global secondary prevention strategies to limit event recurrence after myocardial infarction: results of the GOSPEL study, a multicenter, randomized controlled trial from the Italian Cardiac Rehabilitation Network. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[61]  R. Taylor-Piliae,et al.  Tai Chi as an adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. , 2003, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[62]  G. Schuler,et al.  Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Compared With Exercise Training in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial , 2004, Circulation.

[63]  I. Piña,et al.  AACVPR/ACCF/AHA 2010 Update: Performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services: A report of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Assoc , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[64]  Theresa M. Beckie,et al.  The effects of a tailored cardiac rehabilitation program on depressive symptoms in women: A randomized clinical trial. , 2011, International journal of nursing studies.

[65]  A. Khera,et al.  Forecasting the Future of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association , 2011, Circulation.

[66]  Vera Bittner,et al.  Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update. , 2007, The Journal of cardiovascular nursing.

[67]  R. Debusk MULTIFIT: a new approach to risk factor modification. , 1996, Cardiology clinics.

[68]  Training, Detraining and Retraining Effects after a Water-Based Exercise Program in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease , 2008, Cardiology.

[69]  C. Worringham,et al.  Development and Feasibility of a Smartphone, ECG and GPS Based System for Remotely Monitoring Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation , 2011, PloS one.

[70]  N. Suetin,et al.  Effects of NH3 and N2 additions to hot filament activated CH4/H2 gas mixtures , 2002 .

[71]  U. Wisløff,et al.  High‐Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training Improves the Heart in Health and Disease , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[72]  D. Shepard,et al.  Costs of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Enhanced Lifestyle Modification Programs , 2009, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[73]  B. Franklin,et al.  Effectiveness of three models for comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk reduction. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[74]  K. Berra Does Nurse Case Management Improve Implementation of Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction? , 2011, The Journal of cardiovascular nursing.

[75]  D. Schneider,et al.  Effect of a Computerized Referral at Hospital Discharge on Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation Rates , 2009, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.