Epidemiology and Consequences of Drinking and Driving

Alcohol is a major factor in traffic crashes, and crashes involving alcohol are more likely to result in injuries and deaths than crashes where alcohol is not a factor. Increasing blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) have been linked to increased crash risk. Male drivers, particularly those ages 22 to 45; people with drinking problems and prior drinking and driving convictions; and drivers who do not wear safety belts are disproportionately likely to be involved in alcohol-related fatal crashes. Alcohol-dependent people are over-represented in all alcohol-related traffic crashes, as are those who begin drinking at younger ages. Though there are more than 82 million drinking–driving trips in a given year at BACs of 0.08 percent and higher (and 10 percent of drinking–driving trips are at BACs of 0.08 percent and higher), there are only 1.5 million arrests for drinking and driving each year. Despite overall marked reductions in alcohol-related traffic deaths since the early 1980s, there has been little reduction since the mid-1990s, and alcohol-related traffic deaths have increased slightly in the past 3 years.

[1]  B. Grant The Impact of a Family History of Alcoholism on the Relationship Between Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM–IV Alcohol Dependence , 1998, Alcohol health and research world.

[2]  R Hingson,et al.  Effects of Maine's 0.05% legal blood alcohol level for drivers with DWI convictions. , 1998, Public health reports.

[3]  I. Roberts,et al.  Preventing injuries through interventions for problem drinking: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. , 1999, Alcohol and alcoholism.

[4]  R W Hingson,et al.  Preventing Impaired Driving , 1999, Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

[5]  R B Voas,et al.  Evaluation of a method for reducing unlicensed driving: the Washington and Oregon license plate sticker laws. , 1997, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[6]  Andrew P. Smith,et al.  Handbook of human performance , 1992 .

[7]  D. Damkot,et al.  ON-THE-ROAD DRIVING BEHAVIOR AND BREATH ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION , 1977 .

[8]  P. Gruenewald,et al.  Effect of community-based interventions on high-risk drinking and alcohol-related injuries. , 2000, JAMA.

[9]  T. Heeren,et al.  Lower legal blood alcohol limits for young drivers. , 1994, Public health reports.

[10]  R B Voas,et al.  Temporary vehicle impoundment in Ohio: a replication and confirmation. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[11]  R. D. Batt,et al.  Human metabolism of alcohol , 1989 .

[12]  R D Blomberg,et al.  LOWER BAC LIMITS FOR YOUTH: EVALUATION OF THE MARYLAND .02 LAW , 1992 .

[13]  Licsw,et al.  Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in the emergency department. , 2001, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[14]  D. Jones,et al.  Health and performance , 1992 .

[15]  Robert B. Voas,et al.  Ethnicity and alcohol-related fatalities : 1990 to 1994 , 2000 .

[16]  T. Heeren,et al.  Age of drinking onset and unintentional injury involvement after drinking. , 2000, JAMA.

[17]  Robert Voas,et al.  Age of drinking onset, driving after drinking, and involvement in alcohol related motor-vehicle crashes. , 2002, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[18]  John H. Lacey,et al.  EARLY EVALUATION OF A STATEWIDE SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAM , 1995 .

[19]  P. Zador,et al.  Fatal Crash Involvement and Laws against Alcohol-Impaired Driving , 1989, Journal of public health policy.

[20]  A C Wagenaar,et al.  Communities mobilizing for change on alcohol: outcomes from a randomized community trial. , 2000, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[21]  J. Payne,et al.  Drinking and Driving , 1980 .

[22]  R. Spitzer Dsm-IV Casebook: A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , 1994 .

[23]  C. Perry,et al.  Communities mobilizing for change on alcohol , 2000 .

[24]  T. Heeren,et al.  Reducing alcohol-impaired driving in Massachusetts: the Saving Lives Program. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[25]  Randy W. Elder,et al.  Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts. , 2001, American journal of preventive medicine.

[26]  R. Woolard,et al.  Brief intervention for harm reduction with alcohol-positive older adolescents in a hospital emergency department. , 1999, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[27]  P. O'Malley,et al.  Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. , 1991, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[28]  J H Lacey,et al.  CHECKPOINT TENNESSEE: TENNESSEE'S STATEWIDE SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT PROGRAM , 1999 .

[29]  H. Moskowitz,et al.  A review of the literature on the effects of low doses of alcohol on driving-related skills , 2000 .

[30]  Randy W. Elder,et al.  Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. , 2001, American journal of preventive medicine.

[31]  R B Voas,et al.  Temporary vehicle immobilization: evaluation of a program in Ohio. , 1997, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[32]  M. Copass,et al.  Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[33]  I. Hindmarch,et al.  The effects of alcohol on the cognitive function of males and females and on skills relating to car driving , 1992 .

[34]  R B Voas,et al.  The relationship of alcohol safety laws to drinking drivers in fatal crashes. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[35]  R B Voas,et al.  Nighttime observations of safety belt use: an evaluation of California's primary law. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[36]  R. Bangert-Drowns,et al.  Final results from a meta-analysis of remedial interventions with drink/drive offenders. , 1995, Addiction.

[37]  E R Braver,et al.  Drinking histories of fatally injured drivers , 2002, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.