Large stable pulse solutions in reaction-diffusion equations

In this paper we study the existence and stability of asymp- totically large stationary multi-pulse solutions in a family of singularly perturbed reaction-diVusion equations. This family includes the gen- eralized Gierer-Meinhardt equation. The existence of N-pulse homo- clinic orbits (N 1) is established by the methods of geometric singular perturbation theory. A theory, called the NLEP (=NonLocal Eigenvalue Problem) approach, is developed, by which the stability of these patterns can be studied explicitly. This theory is based on the ideas developed in our earlier work on the Gray-Scott model. It is known that the Evans function of the linear eigenvalue problem associated to the stability of the pattern can be decomposed into the product of a slow and a fast transmission function. The NLEP approach determines explicit leading order approximations of these transmission functions. It is shown that the zero/pole cancellation in the decomposition of the Evans function, called the NLEP paradox, is a phenomenon that occurs naturally in sin- gularly perturbed eigenvalue problems. It follows that the zeroes of the Evans function, and thus the spectrum of the stability problem, can be studied by the slow transmission function. The key ingredient of the analysis of this expression is a transformation of the associated nonlocal eigenvalue problem into an inhomogeneous hypergeometric diVerential equation. By this transformation it is possible to determine both the number and the position of all elements in the discrete spectrum of the linear eigenvalue problem. The method is applied to a special case that corresponds to the classical model proposed by Gierer and Meinhardt. It is shown that the one-pulse pattern can gain (or lose) stability through a Hopf bifurcation at a certain valueHopf of the main parameter. The NLEP approach not only yields a leading order approximation ofHopf , but it also shows that there is another bifurcation value,edge, at which a new (stable) eigenvalue bifurcates from the edge of the essential spec- trum. Finally, it is shown that theN-pulse patterns are always unstable whenN 2.