The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)

To evaluate the effects of stratospheric geoengineering with sulphate aerosols, we propose standard forcing scenarios to be applied to multiple climate models to compare their results and determine the robustness of their responses. Thus far, different modeling groups have used different forcing scenarios for both global warming and geoengineering, complicating the comparison of results. We recommend four experiments to explore the extent to which geoengineering might offset climate change projected in some of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5 experiments. These experiments focus on stratospheric aerosols, but future experiments under this framework may focus on different means of geoengineering. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown copyright

[1]  J. Rivera Changes in Temperature , 1962 .

[2]  M. Tiedtke A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models , 1989 .

[3]  P. Rowntree,et al.  A Mass Flux Convection Scheme with Representation of Cloud Ensemble Characteristics and Stability-Dependent Closure , 1990 .

[4]  K. Emanuel A Scheme for Representing Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models , 1991 .

[5]  C. Jepma,et al.  Carbon Dioxide Emissions , 1995 .

[6]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Evidence of substantial ozone depletion in winter 1995/96 over northern Norway , 1997 .

[7]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  Conceptual Framework for Changes of Extremes of the Hydrological Cycle with Climate Change , 1999 .

[8]  Ken Caldeira,et al.  Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate CO2‐induced climate change , 2000 .

[9]  Philip B. Duffy,et al.  Impact of geoengineering schemes on the terrestrial biosphere , 2002 .

[10]  Alan Robock,et al.  Global cooling after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo: a test of climate feedback by water vapor. , 2002, Science.

[11]  J. Houghton,et al.  Climate change 2001 : the scientific basis , 2001 .

[12]  Philip B. Duffy,et al.  Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate climate change from a quadrupling of CO2 , 2003 .

[13]  Ecmwf Newsletter,et al.  EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS , 2004 .

[14]  J. Hansen,et al.  Efficacy of climate forcings , 2005 .

[15]  S. Solomon,et al.  How Often Will It Rain , 2005 .

[16]  A. Robock,et al.  Climatic response to high‐latitude volcanic eruptions , 2005 .

[17]  T. Wigley,et al.  A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization , 2006, Science.

[18]  A. Robock,et al.  High‐latitude eruptions cast shadow over the African monsoon and the flow of the Nile , 2006 .

[19]  R. Angel Feasibility of cooling the Earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near the inner Lagrange point (L1) , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  B. Soden,et al.  Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming , 2006 .

[21]  P. Crutzen Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma? , 2006 .

[22]  Bin Wang,et al.  Changes in global monsoon precipitation over the past 56 years , 2006 .

[23]  Ken Caldeira,et al.  Transient climate–carbon simulations of planetary geoengineering , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[24]  G. Hegerl,et al.  Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations , 2007 .

[25]  Stefano Schiavon,et al.  Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. , 2007 .

[26]  Jialin Lin,et al.  The Double-ITCZ Problem in IPCC AR4 Coupled GCMs: Ocean–Atmosphere Feedback Analysis , 2007 .

[27]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological cycle as an analog of geoengineering , 2007 .

[28]  T. Wilbanks,et al.  Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 .

[29]  P. Rasch,et al.  An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[30]  K. Caldeira,et al.  Global and Arctic climate engineering: numerical model studies , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[31]  Georgiy L. Stenchikov,et al.  Regional climate responses to geoengineering with tropical and Arctic SO2 injections , 2008 .

[32]  Jean-Pascal van Ypersele de Strihou,et al.  Towards New Scenarios for Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change, Impacts, and Response Strategies , 2008 .

[33]  K. Taylor,et al.  Impact of geoengineering schemes on the global hydrological cycle , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[34]  Paul J. Crutzen,et al.  Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols: The role of particle size , 2008 .

[35]  Ben Kravitz,et al.  Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering , 2009 .

[36]  T. Lenton,et al.  The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options , 2009 .

[37]  S. Solomon,et al.  Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[38]  D. Weisenstein,et al.  The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone , 2009 .

[39]  Gabriele C. Hegerl,et al.  Risks of Climate Engineering , 2009, Science.

[40]  P. O'Gorman,et al.  The physical basis for increases in precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st-century climate change , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  Veronika Eyring,et al.  A Summary of the CMIP5 Experiment Design , 2010 .

[42]  Veronika Eyring,et al.  SPARC Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models , 2010 .

[43]  Veronika Eyring,et al.  Review of the formulation of present-generation stratospheric chemistry-climate models and associated external forcings , 2010 .

[44]  Naomi Naik,et al.  Thermodynamic and Dynamic Mechanisms for Large-Scale Changes in the Hydrological Cycle in Response to Global Warming* , 2010 .

[45]  Piers M. Forster,et al.  The transient response of global-mean precipitation to increasing carbon dioxide levels , 2010 .

[46]  O. Boucher,et al.  Geoengineering by stratospheric SO 2 injection: results from the Met Office HadGEM2 climate model and comparison with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE , 2010 .

[47]  Andy Ridgwell,et al.  Assessing the regional disparities in geoengineering impacts , 2010 .

[48]  W. Boos,et al.  Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating , 2010, Nature.

[49]  S. Camargo,et al.  Enhanced spring convective barrier for monsoons in a warmer world? , 2011 .

[50]  M. Webb,et al.  The relationship between land-ocean surface temperature contrast and radiative forcing , 2011 .

[51]  D. Frierson,et al.  Robust future precipitation declines in CMIP5 largely reflect the poleward expansion of model subtropical dry zones , 2012 .

[52]  Richard Neale,et al.  Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Description and Evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5 , 2012 .

[53]  Ken Caldeira,et al.  Crop yields in a geoengineered climate , 2012 .

[54]  T. Andrews,et al.  An update on Earth's energy balance in light of the latest global observations , 2012 .

[55]  Bin Wang,et al.  Future change of global monsoon in the CMIP5 , 2012, Climate Dynamics.

[56]  Mark Lawrence,et al.  Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO2: climate responses simulated by four earth system models , 2012 .

[57]  Andrew S. Jones,et al.  Asymmetric forcing from stratospheric aerosols impacts Sahelian rainfall , 2013 .

[58]  Shingo Watanabe,et al.  The hydrological impact of geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) , 2013 .