Role of hepatic, intrahepatic and hepatoenteral nerves in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and hemodynamics of the liver and intestine.
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The liver as an effector organ is the major glucose reservoir, the utilization of which is controlled by hormones but also by hepatic sympathetic nerves. The liver as a sensory organ detects a glucose concentration gradient between the hepatic artery and the portal vein by intrahepatic sensory-effector nerves, generating a cholinergic signal for an insulin-dependent net hepatic glucose uptake. The liver senses the insulin concentration by hepatoenteral sensory-effector nerves, generating a cholinergic signal to increase glucose absorption in the intestine and thus its coordinated utilization in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.