A review on intelligent wearables: Uses and risks

Peer Review The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10. 1002/hbe2.173. Abstract Intelligent wearable technology is becoming very popular in application fields such as clinical medicine and healthcare, health management, workplaces, education, and scientific research. Using the four-element model of technological behavior, the first part of this review briefly introduces issues related to the uses of intelligent wearables, including the technologies (i.e., what kind of intelligent wearables are used?), the users (i.e., who use intelligent wearables?), the activities involving the technologies (i.e., in what activities or fields intelligent wearables are used?), and the effects of technology usages (i.e., what benefits intelligent wearables bring?). The second part of this review focuses on the risks of using intelligent wearables. This part summarized five common risks (i.e., privacy risks, safety risks, performance risks, social and psychological risks, and other risks) in the use of intelligent wearables. The review ends with a discussion of future research.

[1]  Mary Beth Rosson,et al.  Use and Adoption Challenges of Wearable Activity Trackers , 2015 .

[2]  Michael A. Rupp,et al.  The role of individual differences on perceptions of wearable fitness device trust, usability, and motivational impact. , 2018, Applied ergonomics.

[3]  Jari Porras,et al.  Tapping into the wearable device revolution in the work environment: a systematic review , 2018, Inf. Technol. People.

[4]  Gerhard Tröster,et al.  Discriminating Stress From Cognitive Load Using a Wearable EDA Device , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[5]  Elizabeth J. Lyons,et al.  Using an electronic activity monitor system as an intervention modality: A systematic review , 2015, BMC Public Health.

[6]  Hong Zhang,et al.  Wearable IMU-based real-time motion warning system for construction workers' musculoskeletal disorders prevention , 2017 .

[7]  He Wang,et al.  MoLe: Motion Leaks through Smartwatch Sensors , 2015, MobiCom.

[8]  Yuan-Ting Zhang,et al.  Wearable Medical Systems for p-Health , 2008, IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering.

[9]  Te-Lin Chung,et al.  Attitudes and Purchase Intentions for Smart Clothing , 2016 .

[10]  Munkee Choi,et al.  User acceptance of wearable devices: An extended perspective of perceived value , 2016, Telematics Informatics.

[11]  Chris Baber,et al.  Assessing the physical loading of wearable computers. , 2007, Applied ergonomics.

[12]  Florian Michahelles,et al.  Wearable technology as a solution for workplace safety , 2015, MUM.

[13]  Daniel R. Horne,et al.  The Privacy Paradox: Personal Information Disclosure Intentions versus Behaviors , 2007 .

[14]  Igor Bilogrevic,et al.  (Smart)watch your taps: side-channel keystroke inference attacks using smartwatches , 2015, SEMWEB.

[15]  D. Parker,et al.  Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews , 2015, International journal of evidence-based healthcare.

[16]  Len Bass,et al.  Issues in wearable computing: a CHI 97 workshop , 1997, SGCH.

[17]  L. Piwek,et al.  The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables: Promises and Barriers , 2016, PLoS medicine.

[18]  Jonathan Dobres,et al.  The relative impact of smartwatch and smartphone use while driving on workload, attention, and driving performance. , 2019, Applied ergonomics.

[19]  Bastiaan R Bloem,et al.  E-health Support in People with Parkinson's Disease with Smart Glasses: A Survey of User Requirements and Expectations in the Netherlands. , 2015, Journal of Parkinson's disease.

[20]  Wenyao Xu,et al.  Wearable Food Intake Monitoring Technologies: A Comprehensive Review , 2017, Comput..

[21]  Sangeun Jin,et al.  A comparison of biomechanical workload between smartphone and smartwatch while sitting and standing. , 2019, Applied ergonomics.

[22]  Taekyoung Kwon,et al.  Data Transfusion: Pairing Wearable Devices and Its Implication on Security for Internet of Things , 2018, IEEE Access.

[23]  Zheng Yan,et al.  Mobile Phone Behavior , 2017 .

[24]  Murtuza Jadliwala,et al.  Information Leakage through Mobile Motion Sensors: User Awareness and Concerns , 2017 .

[25]  Shyamal Patel,et al.  A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation , 2012, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[26]  D. Asch,et al.  Wearable devices as facilitators, not drivers, of health behavior change. , 2015, JAMA.

[27]  M. Timmins Environmental and waste issues concerning the production of smart clothes and wearable technology , 2009 .

[28]  Philipp A. Rauschnabel,et al.  Augmented reality smart glasses: an investigation of technology acceptance drivers , 2016 .

[29]  Matthew S. Eastin,et al.  Wearable fitness technology: A structural investigation into acceptance and perceived fitness outcomes , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[30]  Mirza Mansoor Baig,et al.  A comprehensive survey of wearable and wireless ECG monitoring systems for older adults , 2013, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[31]  M. S. Cunningham The Major Dimensions of Perceived Risk , 1967 .

[32]  Marc Adam,et al.  Assessing Eating Behaviour Using Upper Limb Mounted Motion Sensors: A Systematic Review , 2019, Nutrients.

[33]  Yiwen Gao,et al.  An empirical study of wearable technology acceptance in healthcare , 2015, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[34]  S. S. Man,et al.  Health monitoring through wearable technologies for older adults: Smart wearables acceptance model. , 2019, Applied ergonomics.

[35]  Arnold Baca,et al.  Ubiquitous computing in sports: A review and analysis , 2009, Journal of sports sciences.

[36]  Luciano Gamberini,et al.  Measuring User Acceptance of Wearable Symbiotic Devices: Validation Study Across Application Scenarios , 2014, Symbiotic.

[37]  Maria J Grant,et al.  A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. , 2009, Health information and libraries journal.

[38]  J. Ehlers SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW , 1980 .

[39]  Xiangyu Liu,et al.  When Good Becomes Evil: Keystroke Inference with Smartwatch , 2015, CCS.

[40]  Zied Mani,et al.  Drivers of consumers’ resistance to smart products , 2017 .

[41]  Mauro Serpelloni,et al.  Wireless Wearable T-Shirt for Posture Monitoring During Rehabilitation Exercises , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[42]  Birsen Donmez,et al.  Smartwatches vs. smartphones: a preliminary report of driver behavior and perceived risk while responding to notifications , 2015, AutomotiveUI.

[43]  H. Arksey,et al.  Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework , 2005 .

[44]  Eunju Ko,et al.  Comparative Analysis of Purchase Intentions Toward Smart Clothing Between Korean and U.S. Consumers , 2009 .

[45]  Christina Holzapfel,et al.  A Scientific Overview of Smartphone Applications and Electronic Devices for Weight Management in Adults , 2019, Journal of personalized medicine.

[46]  Quan Chen,et al.  The Science of Cell Phone Use: Its Past, Present, and Future , 2013, Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn..

[47]  Keiichi Nakata,et al.  Comparing British and Japanese Perceptions of a Wearable Ubiquitous Monitoring Device , 2013, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[48]  Emmanuel Sebastian Udoh,et al.  Privacy risk awareness and the behavior of smartwatch users: A case study of Indiana University students , 2016, 2016 Future Technologies Conference (FTC).

[49]  Jun He,et al.  Antecedents to the adoption of augmented reality smart glasses: A closer look at privacy risks , 2018, Journal of Business Research.

[50]  Anindya Maiti,et al.  Smartwatch-Based Keystroke Inference Attacks and Context-Aware Protection Mechanisms , 2016, AsiaCCS.

[51]  Yiwen Gao,et al.  International Journal of Medical Informatics , 2016 .

[52]  Geng Yang,et al.  Wearable Internet of Things: Concept, architectural components and promises for person-centered healthcare , 2014 .

[53]  Geng Yang,et al.  Wearable Internet of Things: Concept, architectural components and promises for person-centered healthcare , 2014, 2014 4th International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare - Transforming Healthcare Through Innovations in Mobile and Wireless Technologies (MOBIHEALTH).

[54]  Serge Egelman,et al.  Information Disclosure Concerns in The Age of Wearable Computing , 2016 .

[55]  Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés,et al.  Towards The Internet-of-Smart-Clothing: A Review on IoT Wearables and Garments for Creating Intelligent Connected E-Textiles , 2018, Electronics.

[56]  Oliver Amft,et al.  Automatic Dietary Monitoring Using Wearable Accessories , 2018 .

[57]  Daniel W. E. Hein,et al.  Are Wearables Good or Bad for Society?: An Exploration of Societal Benefits, Risks, and Consequences of Augmented Reality Smart Glasses , 2017 .

[58]  Andrew Y. C. Nee,et al.  Augmented reality applications in design and manufacturing , 2012 .

[59]  Birsen Donmez,et al.  Driver Engagement in Notifications , 2014 .

[60]  Marimuthu Palaniswami,et al.  Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions , 2012, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[61]  A. Muaremi,et al.  Towards Measuring Stress with Smartphones and Wearable Devices During Workday and Sleep , 2013, BioNanoScience.

[62]  S. Agarwal,et al.  Wearable technology to improve education and patient outcomes in a cardiology fellowship program - a feasibility study , 2013 .

[63]  Emil Jovanov,et al.  Issues in wearable computing for medical monitoring applications: a case study of a wearable ECG monitoring device , 2000, Digest of Papers. Fourth International Symposium on Wearable Computers.

[64]  Sadie Creese,et al.  The Perfect Storm: The Privacy Paradox and the Internet-of-Things , 2016, 2016 11th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES).

[65]  Fei Dai,et al.  Risk Assessment of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Construction: State-of-the-Art Review , 2015 .

[66]  Richard F. Sesek,et al.  Barriers to the Adoption of Wearable Sensors in the Workplace: A Survey of Occupational Safety and Health Professionals , 2018, Hum. Factors.

[67]  Mehmet A. Orgun,et al.  Design and deployment challenges in immersive and wearable technologies , 2017, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[68]  Frank Krause,et al.  Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load , 2016, Ergonomics.

[69]  Yan Wang,et al.  Friend or Foe?: Your Wearable Devices Reveal Your Personal PIN , 2016, AsiaCCS.

[70]  Mahdokht Kalantari,et al.  Consumers' adoption of wearable technologies: literature review, synthesis, and future research agenda , 2017 .

[71]  Slavka Viteckova,et al.  Wearable lower limb robotics: A review , 2013 .