Observing plant roots in their environment: current imaging options and specific contribution of two-dimensional approaches

Observation des racines dans leur environnement: techniques d'imagerie actuelles et apports specifiques des approches 2D. Cet article offre un inventaire des techniques d'imagerie actuellement disponibles pour l'observation des racines au sein de leur environnement. Le propos est avant tout d'informer le lecteur sur le potentiel et les limites des techniques et non sur leurs principes physiques. D'autre part, l'accent est mis sur l'apport specifique des methodes 2D: en depit des limitations et biais qui leur sont inherents, ces methodes offrent en effet, par rapport aux outils 3D actuellement disponibles, des avantages tels qu'un grand champ d'observation ou une resolution superieure a champ d'observation equivalent, ou encore, une mise en oeuvre simplifiee et un cout reduit. Ainsi, la microscopie et la radiographie X a haute resolution sont tres attractives car elles permettent d'etudier. a une echelle qui demeure hors de la portee des methodes 3D. les interactions complexes entre racines et structure du sol. On montre par ailleurs que les methodes 2D basees sur l'attenuation de lumiere visible ou de rayons X s'averent tres utiles pour etudier le fonctionnement de systemes racinaires entiers en rhizotrons. S'il ne fait guere de doute qu'a relativement court terme. les progres accomplis dans le domaine de l'imagerie 3D aboutiront a la mise au point d'outils parfaitement adaptes a l'observation non destructive des racines dans leur environnement, il n'en reste pas moins que, dans l'attente de tels outils, les techniques 2D continueront de faire progresser notre connaissance des racines et de leur fonctionnement.

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