Preface to the Second Edition Introduction to the First Edition Empiricism and Positivism in Science Some Problems of Empiricism and Positivism Science, Nature and Society: Some Alternatives to Empiricism Interpretive Approaches 1: Instrumental Rationality Interpretive Approaches 2: Rationality as Rule-Following: Cultures, Traditions and Hermeneutics Interpretive Approaches 3: Critical Rationality Critical Realism and the Social Sciences Feminism, Knowledge and Society Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism Conclusion: In Defence of Philosophy Commentary on Recent Developments Appendix I: Personal Conclusions Appendix II: Obituary for Professor Ian Craib Glossary Bibliography Index