Combined biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields and other agents in the published literature

Electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exerts both stand-alone and combined effects on biological systems. The present study examines the scope of the combined effects; i.e., identify effects on biological systems from combined exposure to electromagnetic fields/radiation and at least one other agent. Only articles in which the presence of EMF had some effect (beneficial or adverse) on the biological system were selected. A comprehensive and novel query was developed using an iterative hybrid approach, whereby articles related by common text and by citation linkages were retrieved. This retrieved literature was: 1) clustered algorithmically into 32 biomedical sub-themes (assigned by the authors); 2) grouped through factor analysis into 32 factors; and 3) subsequently grouped manually (by the authors) into an effects-based taxonomy. The common principles within each thematic cluster/group that accounted for the combined effects were identified.

[1]  L. Verschaeve,et al.  Genetic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of radiofrequency fields. , 1998, Mutation research.

[2]  Mesud Kahriman,et al.  Effects of Selenium and L-Carnitine on Oxidative Stress in Blood of Rat Induced by 2.45-GHz Radiation from Wireless Devices , 2009, Biological Trace Element Research.

[3]  M. Persinger,et al.  Combined effects of complex magnetic fields and agmatine for contextual fear learning deficits in rats. , 2003, Life sciences.

[4]  Per Gustavsson,et al.  Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and mortality from cardiovascular disease. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[5]  Yasuhito Isozumi,et al.  Combined exposure of ELF magnetic fields and x-rays increased mutant yields compared with x-rays alone in pTN89 plasmids. , 2005, Journal of radiation research.

[6]  Jukka Juutilainen,et al.  Do extremely low frequency magnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? A meta-analysis of experimental studies , 2006, International journal of radiation biology.

[7]  H. Chung,et al.  The effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the frequency of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes induced by benzo(a)pyrene. , 2003, Toxicology letters.

[8]  Hiroyuki Honda,et al.  Heat shock protein 70 gene therapy combined with hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles , 2003, Cancer Gene Therapy.

[9]  Ferdinando Bersani,et al.  Synergic effect of retinoic acid and extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure on human neuroblastoma cell line BE(2)C , 2010, Bioelectromagnetics.

[10]  D. Lange,et al.  Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): potentiation of lethality in mice by microwave radiation. , 1991, Bioelectromagnetics.

[11]  Yuanye Ma,et al.  Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on morphine-induced conditioned place preferences in rats , 2005, Neuroscience Letters.

[12]  Manuel Martínez-Morillo,et al.  Enhancement of the cell-killing effect of ultraviolet-C radiation by short-term exposure to a pulsed magnetic field , 2005, International journal of radiation biology.

[13]  Ushakov Ib,et al.  Structural and metabolic analysis of the reaction of the central nervous system to the combined action of microwave and ionizing radiations , 1987 .

[14]  Rianne Stam,et al.  Electromagnetic fields and the blood–brain barrier , 2010, Brain Research Reviews.

[15]  Errol C Friedberg,et al.  Static electric fields interfere in the viability of cells exposed to ionising radiation , 2009, International journal of radiation biology.

[16]  Raju V. Ramanujan,et al.  Modeling the performance of magnetic nanoparticles in multimodal cancer therapy , 2010 .

[17]  S Di Luzio,et al.  Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field enhances human keratinocyte cell growth and decreases proinflammatory chemokine production , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[18]  J. Reif,et al.  Melatonin metabolite excretion among cellular telephone users , 2002, International journal of radiation biology.

[19]  Igor Jerman,et al.  INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM IN BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ELF MAGNETIC FIELD STIMULATION , 2000 .

[20]  Ji-liang He,et al.  Studying the synergistic damage effects induced by 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field radiation (RFR) with four chemical mutagens on human lymphocyte DNA using comet assay in vitro. , 2005, Mutation research.

[21]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery: Potential treatments and preventatives for SARS , 2011, Technological Forecasting and Social Change.

[22]  R J Smialowicz,et al.  Microwave radiation (2450-MHz) potentiates the lethal effect of endotoxin in mice. , 1982, Health physics.

[23]  Laurence Zitvogel,et al.  Tumor destruction using electrochemotherapy followed by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide injection induces distant tumor responses , 2008, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.

[24]  Wei Yuan,et al.  Exposure to magnetic fields and the risk of poor sperm quality. , 2010, Reproductive toxicology.

[25]  Marti A. Hearst.  Untangling Text Data Mining , 1999, ACL.

[26]  Y. Miyakoshi,et al.  Enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the liver of mice exposed to magnetic fields. , 1997, Industrial health.

[27]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery (LRD): Methodology , 2008 .

[28]  Kjell Hansson Mild,et al.  Pooled analysis of case-control studies on malignant brain tumours and the use of mobile and cordless phones including living and deceased subjects. , 2011, International journal of oncology.

[29]  O Baffa,et al.  Increased dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of thymocytes from mice exposed to long-term extremely low frequency magnetic fields. , 1998, Bioelectromagnetics.

[30]  Gregor Sersa,et al.  Antitumour effectiveness of hyperthermia is potentiated by local application of electric pulses to LPB tumours in mice. , 2004, Anticancer research.

[31]  C. Bediz,et al.  Zinc supplementation ameliorates electromagnetic field-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. , 2006, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[32]  Wolfgang Löscher,et al.  Significant Differences in the Effects of Magnetic Field Exposure on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Two Substrains of Sprague-Dawley Rats , 2004, Cancer Research.

[33]  Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp,et al.  Morphine-induced analgesia and exposure to low-intensity 60-Hz magnetic fields: inhibition of nocturnal analgesia in mice is a function of magnetic field intensity , 1987, Brain Research.

[34]  Erez Dekel,et al.  Microbial Growth Inhibition by Alternating Electric Fields , 2008, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[35]  Simona Kranjc,et al.  Electrogene therapy with p53 of murine sarcomas alone or combined with electrochemotherapy using cisplatin. , 2006, DNA and cell biology.

[36]  G Torelli,et al.  Effect of low frequency low energy pulsing electromagnetic fields on mice injected with cyclophosphamide. , 1991, Experimental hematology.

[37]  Marcelo Augusto Marretto Esquisatto,et al.  Effects of the application of Aloe vera (L.) and microcurrent on the healing of wounds surgically induced in Wistar rats. , 2009, Acta cirurgica brasileira.

[38]  D E Hintenlang,et al.  Synergistic effects of ionizing radiation and 60 Hz magnetic fields. , 1993, Bioelectromagnetics.

[39]  A. Luxembourg,et al.  Potentiation of an anthrax DNA vaccine with electroporation. , 2008, Vaccine.

[40]  A. Keane-Myers,et al.  Electroporation of a multivalent DNA vaccine cocktail elicits a protective immune response against anthrax and plague. , 2012, Vaccine.

[41]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery (LRD): Water purification , 2008 .

[42]  T. K. Ishii,et al.  Effects of acute microwave irradiation on phenobarbital sleep and disposition to brain in mice , 1983 .

[43]  Fabriziomaria Gobba,et al.  Extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) occupational exposure and natural killer activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[44]  R Sandyk,et al.  Treatment with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields improves the response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. , 1997, The International journal of neuroscience.

[45]  Fehmi Ozguner,et al.  A novel antioxidant agent caffeic acid phenethyl ester prevents long-term mobile phone exposure-induced renal impairment in rat , 2005, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[46]  M. Persinger,et al.  Emerging Synergisms Between Drugs and Physiologically-Patterned Weak Magnetic Fields: Implications for Neuropharmacology and the Human Population in the Twenty-First Century , 2007, Current neuropharmacology.

[47]  S. Szmigielski,et al.  Acceleration of the development of benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice by microwave radiation , 2004, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[48]  S. Hui,et al.  Synergistic effect of anionic lipid enhancer and electroosmosis for transcutaneous delivery of insulin. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[49]  S. Gulturk,et al.  Effect of exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field with or without insulin on blood–brain barrier permeability in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats , 2009, Bioelectromagnetics.

[50]  Juraj Gmitrov,et al.  Geomagnetic field modulates artificial static magnetic field effect on arterial baroreflex and on microcirculation , 2007, International journal of biometeorology.

[51]  K. Varani,et al.  Characterization of adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes exposed to low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields. , 2008, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[52]  Eddy J. Smid,et al.  Pulsed-Electric Field Treatment Enhances the Bactericidal Action of Nisin against Bacillus cereus , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[53]  Anthony F. J. van Raan,et al.  Out of particles: Impact of CERN, DESY and SLAC research to fields other than physics , 2006, Scientometrics.

[54]  A Brun,et al.  A new antitumour treatment combining radiation and electric pulses. , 2001, Anticancer research.

[55]  M. Nakagawa,et al.  Metallothionein content increased in the liver of mice exposed to magnetic fields , 1996, Archives of Toxicology.

[56]  J. Miyakoshi,et al.  Increase in X-ray-induced mutations by exposure to magnetic field (60 Hz, 5 mT) in NF-kappaB-inhibited cells. , 2000, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[57]  B K Nelson,et al.  Interactions of Radiofrequency Radiation on 2‐Methoxyethanol Teratogenicity in Rats , 1997, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[58]  Y. Sugita,et al.  Enhanced Anti-tumour Effect of Cisplatin with Low-voltage Electrochemotherapy in Hamster Oral Fibrosarcoma , 2005, The Journal of international medical research.

[59]  Nesrin Seyhan,et al.  The protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on electric field-induced hepatic oxidative stress , 2008, International journal of radiation biology.

[60]  Hafedh Abdelmelek,et al.  Effects of static magnetic field and cadmium on oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat cortex brain and hippocampus , 2011, Toxicology and industrial health.

[61]  Jukka Juutilainen,et al.  Do electromagnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? , 2008, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[62]  C. Ohkubo,et al.  Static Magnetic Field and Calcium Channel Blocking agent Combined Effect on Baroreflex Sensitivity in Rabbits , 1999 .

[63]  Per Gustavsson,et al.  Interactive effect of chemical substances and occupational electromagnetic field exposure on the risk of gliomas and meningiomas in Swedish men. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[64]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery (LRD): Potential treatments for Raynaud's Phenomenon☆ , 2008 .

[65]  A. Miller,et al.  Leukemia following occupational exposure to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields among Ontario electric utility workers. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[66]  R. Quock,et al.  Microwave facilitation of methylatropine antagonism of central cholinomimetic drug effects. , 1986, Radiation research.

[67]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery and innovation — update , 2012, Technological Forecasting and Social Change.

[68]  Jae Yeon Lee,et al.  Strain improvement of yeast for ethanol production using a combined treatment of electric field and chemical mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine , 1998 .

[69]  P. Raskmark,et al.  The minimizing effect of electromagnetic noise on the changes in cell proliferation caused by ELF magnetic fields , 1996 .

[70]  Ido Dagan,et al.  Mining Text Using Keyword Distributions , 1998, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.

[71]  Wei Zhang,et al.  900-MHz Microwave Radiation Enhances γ-Ray Adverse Effects on SHG44 Cells , 2009, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[72]  De-Kun Li,et al.  Maternal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy in relation to the risk of asthma in offspring. , 2011, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[73]  M. Yost,et al.  Exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields and proliferation of human astrocytoma cells in vitro. , 2000, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[74]  C Roux,et al.  Association of microwaves and ionizing radiation: potentiation of teratogenic effects in the rat. , 1986, Radiation research.

[75]  Y. Akyel,et al.  Current state and implications of research on biological effects of millimeter waves: a review of the literature. , 1998, Bioelectromagnetics.

[76]  J. Marcickiewicz,et al.  Microwave radiation enhances teratogenic effect of cytosine arabinoside in mice. , 1986, Biology of the neonate.

[77]  N. Selvamurugan,et al.  Effects of BMP‐2 and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on rat primary osteoblastic cell proliferation and gene expression , 2007, Journal of Orthopaedic Research.

[78]  Goran Gajski,et al.  Radioprotective Effects of Honeybee Venom (Apis mellifera) Against 915-MHz Microwave Radiation–Induced DNA Damage in Wistar Rat Lymphocytes: In Vitro Study , 2009, International journal of toxicology.

[79]  B. Shao,et al.  Pulsed magnetic field from video display terminals enhances teratogenic effects of cytosine arabinoside in mice. , 1995, Bioelectromagnetics.

[80]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery (LRD): Lessons learned, and future research directions , 2008 .

[81]  M Fiorani,et al.  In vitro effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on oxidatively damaged rabbit red blood cells. , 1997, Bioelectromagnetics.

[82]  S J London,et al.  Hypothesis: the risk of childhood leukemia is related to combinations of power-frequency and static magnetic fields. , 1995, Bioelectromagnetics.

[83]  T. K. Ishii,et al.  Microwave Facilitation of Methylnaltrexone Antagonism of Morphine-Induced Analgesia in Mice , 1986 .

[84]  Osamu Yamaguchi,et al.  Potentiation of effects of anticancer agents by local electric pulses in murine bladder cancer , 2000, Urological Research.

[85]  A. McHale,et al.  Electro-sensitisation of mammalian cells and tissues to ultrasound: a novel tumour treatment modality. , 2005, Cancer letters.

[86]  M. J. McLean,et al.  A static magnetic field modulates severity of audiogenic seizures and anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin in DBA/2 mice , 2003, Epilepsy Research.

[87]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-related discovery (LRD): Potential treatments for Multiple Sclerosis , 2008 .

[88]  Hiroyuki Honda,et al.  Heat-inducible TNF-α gene therapy combined with hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles as a novel tumor-targeted therapy , 2001, Cancer Gene Therapy.

[89]  Woan-Ruoh Lee,et al.  Topical delivery of methotrexate via skin pretreated with physical enhancement techniques: low‐fluence erbium:YAG laser and electroporation , 2008, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[90]  Chiyoji Ohkubo,et al.  Elevated plasma nitric oxide metabolites in hypertension: synergistic vasodepressor effects of a static magnetic field and nicardipine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. , 2006, Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation.

[91]  P. Sowa,et al.  Influence of extremely-low-frequency magnetic field on antioxidative melatonin properties in AT478 murine squamous cell carcinoma culture , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[92]  Olle Johansson,et al.  Combined Exposure of Peripubertal Male Rats to the Endocrine-Disrupting Compound Atrazine and Power–Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Causes Degranulation of Cutaneous Mast Cells: A New Toxic Environmental Hazard? , 2010, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[93]  Yuanye Ma,et al.  Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure during chronic morphine treatment strengthens downregulation of dopamine D2 receptors in rat dorsal hippocampus after morphine withdrawal , 2008, Neuroscience Letters.

[94]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Effects of 0.4 T rotating magnetic field exposure on density, strength, calcium and metabolism of rat thigh bones , 2006, Bioelectromagnetics.

[95]  Pratip Shil,et al.  Enhancement of radiation cytotoxicity in murine cancer cells by electroporation: in vitro and in vivo studies. , 2005, Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer.

[96]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling , 2001, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[97]  Ziskin Mc,et al.  Electromagnetic millimeter waves increase the duration of anaesthesia caused by ketamine and chloral hydrate in mice , 1997 .

[98]  Michael Kundi,et al.  The controversy about a possible relationship between mobile phone use and cancer. , 2010, Ciencia & saude coletiva.

[99]  Russell Senior,et al.  A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study of Personal Exposure to Magnetic Fields during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage , 2002, Epidemiology.

[100]  T. Litovitz,et al.  Short-term magnetic field exposures (60 Hz) induce protection against ultraviolet radiation damage. , 1999, International journal of radiation biology.

[101]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Text mining using database tomography and bibliometrics: A review , 2001 .

[102]  Stefan A. Loening,et al.  Interstitial Hyperthermia using Self-Regulating Thermoseeds Combined with Conformal Radiation Therapy , 2002 .

[103]  D. Swanson.  Fish Oil, Raynaud's Syndrome, and Undiscovered Public Knowledge , 2015, Perspectives in biology and medicine.

[104]  A. Henderson,et al.  EMF induces differentiation in HL‐60 cells , 1999, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[105]  H. Gutzeit,et al.  Electromagnetic fields enhance the stress response at elevated temperatures in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. , 2000, Bioelectromagnetics.

[106]  K. Sugibayashi,et al.  Effect of electroporation and pH on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of human insulin. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[107]  R. Quock,et al.  Microwave facilitation of domperidone antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing in mice. , 1987, Bioelectromagnetics.

[108]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-Related Discovery (LRD): Introduction and background , 2008 .

[109]  Colin Porter,et al.  Enhancement of microbubble mediated gene delivery by simultaneous exposure to ultrasonic and magnetic fields. , 2009, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[110]  Gaurang C. Patel,et al.  Microsatellite analysis for determination of the mutagenicity of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and ionising radiation in vitro. , 2007, Mutation research.

[111]  T. Lømo,et al.  Early events of electroporation‐mediated intramuscular DNA vaccination potentiate Th1‐directed immune responses , 2005, The journal of gene medicine.

[112]  D S Beniashvili,et al.  Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation enhances the induction of rat mammary tumors by nitrosomethyl urea. , 1991, Cancer letters.

[113]  Wen Jian,et al.  X‐ray‐induced apoptosis of BEL‐7402 cell line enhanced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field in vitro , 2009, Bioelectromagnetics.

[114]  Neil R. Smalheiser,et al.  Information discovery from complementary literatures: categorizing viruses as potential weapons , 2001 .

[115]  Natalie Lagace,et al.  Attenuation of epilepsy-induced brain damage in the temporal cortices of rats by exposure to LTP-patterned magnetic fields , 2009, Neuroscience Letters.

[116]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Database tomography for information retrieval , 1997, J. Inf. Sci..

[117]  M Zmyślony,et al.  DNA damage in rat lymphocytes treated in vitro with iron cations and exposed to 7 mT magnetic fields (static or 50 Hz). , 2000, Mutation research.

[118]  W. Löscher,et al.  A histopathological study on alterations in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 50 Hz, 100 muT magnetic field exposure. , 1995, Carcinogenesis.

[119]  Ronald N. Kostoff,et al.  Literature-Related Discovery (LRD): Potential treatments for Parkinson's Disease , 2008 .

[120]  E. Save,et al.  Oxidative stress and prevention of the adaptive response to chronic iron overload in the brain of young adult rats exposed to a 150 kilohertz electromagnetic field , 2011, Neuroscience.

[121]  M J Jaroszeski,et al.  Electrically mediated drug delivery for treating subcutaneous and orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a hamster model. , 1999, Anticancer research.

[122]  G. Barabino,et al.  Pulsed electromagnetic fields enhance BMP‐2 dependent osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells , 2008, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[123]  Andrew A. Marino,et al.  Electromagnetic fields enhance chemically-induced hyperploidy in mammalian oocytes. , 1997, Mutagenesis.

[124]  O Kuyoro Shade,et al.  Information Retrieval: An Overview , 2012 .

[125]  D. Weiner,et al.  Combined effects of IL-12 and electroporation enhances the potency of DNA vaccination in macaques. , 2008, Vaccine.