Oxidant damage during and after spaceflight.

The objectives of this study were to assess oxidant damage during and after spaceflight and to compare the results against bed rest with 6 degrees head-down tilt. We measured the urinary excretion of the F(2) isoprostane, 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OH DG) before, during, and after long-duration spaceflight (4-9 mo) on the Russian space station MIR, short-duration spaceflight on the shuttle, and 17 days of bed rest. Sample collections on MIR were obtained between 88 and 186 days in orbit. 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 8-OH DG are markers for oxidative damage to membrane lipids and DNA, respectively. Data are mean +/- SE. On MIR, isoprostane levels were decreased inflight (96. 9 +/- 11.6 vs. 76.7 +/- 14.9 ng. kg(-1). day(-1), P < 0.05, n = 6) due to decreased dietary intake secondary to impaired thermoregulation. Isoprostane excretion was increased postflight (245.7 +/- 55.8 ng. kg(-1). day(-1), P < 0.01). 8-OH DG excretion was unchanged with spaceflight and increased postflight (269 +/- 84 vs 442 +/- 180 ng. kg(-1). day(-1), P < 0.05). On the shuttle, 8-OH DG excretion was unchanged in- and postflight, but 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) excretion was decreased inflight (15.6 +/- 4.3 vs 8.0 +/- 2.7 ng. kg(-1). day(-1), P < 0.05). No changes were found with bed rest, but 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) was increased during the recovery phase (48.9 +/- 23.0 vs 65.4 +/- 28.3 ng. kg(-1). day(-1), P < 0.05). The changes in isoprostane production were attributed to decreased production of oxygen radicals from the electron transport chain due to the reduced energy intake inflight. The postflight increases in the excretion of the products of oxidative damage were attributed to a combination of an increase in metabolic activity and the loss of some host antioxidant defenses inflight. We conclude that 1) oxidative damage was decreased inflight, and 2) oxidative damage was increased postflight.

[1]  J. Greenleaf,et al.  Exercise thermoregulation after 14 days of bed rest. , 1980, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[2]  J. Morrow,et al.  Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  J I Leonard,et al.  Observations in energy balance in man during spaceflight. , 1977, The American journal of physiology.

[4]  A. Hansson.  Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis aboard Mir , 2000 .

[5]  L L Ji,et al.  Spaceflight downregulates antioxidant defense systems in rat liver. , 1998, Free radical biology & medicine.

[6]  L Novak,et al.  Our experience in the evaluation of the thermal comfort during the space flight and in the simulated space environment. , 1991, Acta astronautica.

[7]  G. FitzGerald,et al.  The isoprostanes: a perspective. , 1997, Prostaglandins.

[8]  J I Leonard,et al.  Evaporative water loss in man in a gravity-free environment. , 1978, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[9]  Egorov Ad,et al.  Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights. , 1983 .

[10]  F. Brouns,et al.  Is the Gut an Athletic Organ? , 1993, Sports medicine.

[11]  O G Gazenko,et al.  Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights. , 1983, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[12]  A. S. Ushakov,et al.  Free amino acids in human blood plasma during space flights. , 1976, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[13]  W. L. Kenney,et al.  Age, fitness, and regional blood flow during exercise in the heat. , 1997, Journal of applied physiology.

[14]  Markin Aa,et al.  [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rats after a 14-day space flight in the "Space-2044" spacecraft]. , 1993 .

[15]  A. Markin,et al.  [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rats after a 14-day space flight in the "Space-2044" spacecraft]. , 1993, Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine.

[16]  T. Stein,et al.  Plasma amino acids during human spaceflight. , 1999, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[17]  M. Goran,et al.  Experimental reliability of the doubly labeled water technique. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[18]  V A Convertino,et al.  Exercise as a countermeasure for physiological adaptation to prolonged spaceflight. , 1996, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[19]  B. Ames,et al.  Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer. , 1989, Free radical research communications.

[20]  T P Stein,et al.  Energy expenditure and balance during spaceflight on the space shuttle. , 1999, The American journal of physiology.

[21]  S. Loft,et al.  Estimation of oxidative DNA damage in man from urinary excretion of repair products. , 1998, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[22]  B. Halliwell,et al.  Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[23]  D A Schoeller,et al.  Energy expenditure during antiorthostatic bed rest (simulated microgravity). , 1995, Journal of applied physiology.

[24]  J I Leonard,et al.  Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight. , 1996, Journal of applied physiology.

[25]  A. Markin,et al.  [Lipid peroxidation and activity of diagnostically significant enzymes in cosmonauts after flights of various durations]. , 1997, Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine.

[26]  W. Pryor,et al.  Oxidants in Cigarette Smoke Radicals, Hydrogen Peroxide, Peroxynitrate, and Peroxynitrite a , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[27]  B. Girten,et al.  Effect of spaceflight on oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activity in rat diaphragm and intercostal muscles. , 1995, Journal of gravitational physiology : a journal of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology.

[28]  J. Lunec.  Free Radicals: Their Involvement in Disease Processes , 1990, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[29]  T. Stein,et al.  Human skeletal muscle protein breakdown during spaceflight. , 1997, The American journal of physiology.

[30]  S. Loft,et al.  Oxidative DNA damage after transplantation of the liver and small intestine in pigs. , 1995, Transplantation.

[31]  T P Stein,et al.  Protein kinetics during and after long-duration spaceflight on MIR. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[32]  T P Stein,et al.  Diet and nitrogen metabolism during spaceflight on the shuttle. , 1996, Journal of applied physiology.

[33]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  U. As,et al.  Free amino acids in human blood plasma during space flights. , 1976 .

[35]  Barry Halliwell,et al.  Antioxidants in Nutrition, Health, and Disease , 1995 .

[36]  F. Booth,et al.  Protein synthesis rates in atrophied gastrocnemius muscles after limb immobilization. , 1981, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[37]  D A Schoeller,et al.  Comparison of ground-based and space flight energy expenditure and water turnover in middle-aged healthy male US astronauts. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[38]  Popova Ia,et al.  Lipid peroxidation and activity of diagnostically significant enzymes in cosmonauts after flights of various durations , 1997 .

[39]  S M Lee,et al.  Body temperature and thermoregulation during submaximal exercise after 115-day spaceflight. , 1998, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.