Helping "light green" consumers walk the talk: Results of a behavioural intervention survey in the Swiss electricity market

While many consumer surveys show very positive attitudes towards renewable energy, the share of consumers actually purchasing green electricity is still in the single-digit percent range in most countries. What can be done to help consumers with positive attitudes towards green electricity to "walk the talk", i.e. to behave consistently with their preferences? We developed a psychological model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to design a large-scale behavioural intervention survey with 1163 Swiss electricity consumers. Our results show that by providing information targeted at the key factors influencing the intention to purchase green electricity, namely attitudes towards purchase, social norms and perceived behavioural control, a significant increase in green electricity market share can be achieved. Our results show that price is not the only barrier to purchasing green electricity, and that information to increase the perceived benefit of buying green electricity as well as targeted communication to overcome inertia among retail electricity consumers are equally important factors.

[1]  J. Andreoni Privately provided public goods in a large economy: The limits of altruism , 1988 .

[2]  D. Parker,et al.  Extending the theory of planned behaviour: The role of personal norm , 1995 .

[3]  R. Gifford,et al.  Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior : Predicting the Use of Public Transportation ' , 2002 .

[4]  Mark Conner,et al.  The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and 'perceived control , 1999 .

[5]  J. Andreoni IMPURE ALTRUISM AND DONATIONS TO PUBLIC GOODS: A THEORY OF WARM-GLOW GIVING* , 1990 .

[6]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  Consumer involvement, message attention, and the persistence of persuasive impact in a message‐dense environment , 1993 .

[7]  Kristina Ek,et al.  Norms and economic motivation in the Swedish green electricity market , 2008 .

[8]  B. A. Matthews,et al.  When Is Believing “Seeing”? Hostile Attribution Bias as a Function of Self‐Reported Aggression1 , 2002 .

[9]  W. Arthur,et al.  INCREASING RETURNS AND LOCK-IN BY HISTORICAL EVENTS , 1989 .

[10]  P. Stern Information, Incentives, and Proenvironmental Consumer Behavior , 1999 .

[11]  Allison M. Borchers,et al.  Does willingness to pay for green energy differ by source? A contingent choice experiment , 2007 .

[12]  M. Hogg,et al.  Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership in social influence processes , 2000 .

[13]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics , 1983 .

[14]  M. Spence Job Market Signaling , 1973 .

[15]  Jochen Markard,et al.  Diffusion of green power products in Switzerland , 2003 .

[16]  S. Bamberg,et al.  Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour , 2007 .

[17]  Tammo H. A. Bijmolt,et al.  Consumers’ Attributions of Proenvironmental Behavior, Motivation, and Ability to Self and Others , 1998 .

[18]  L. Reisch,et al.  Sustainability Policy and the Law , 2008 .

[19]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. , 2007 .

[20]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement , 1983 .

[21]  Stavros P. Kalafatis,et al.  Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour: a cross‐market examination , 1999 .

[22]  Roland Menges,et al.  Supporting renewable energy on liberalised markets: green electricity between additionality and consumer sovereignty , 2003 .

[23]  Grant D. Jacobsen The Al Gore effect: An Inconvenient Truth and voluntary carbon offsets , 2011 .

[24]  Joseph R. Hopper,et al.  Recycling as Altruistic Behavior , 1991 .

[25]  D. Trafimow,et al.  Evidence that perceived behavioural control is a multidimensional construct: perceived control and perceived difficulty. , 2002, The British journal of social psychology.

[26]  Antony Stephen Reid Manstead,et al.  The role of moral norm in the attitude-behavior relationship , 2000 .

[27]  F. Siero,et al.  General Antecedents of Personal Norms, Policy Acceptability, and Intentions: The Role of Values, Worldviews, and Environmental Concern , 2011 .

[28]  Jay Zarnikau,et al.  Consumer demand for ‘green power’ and energy efficiency , 2003 .

[29]  D. Shaw,et al.  In search of fair trade: ethical consumer decision making in France , 2006 .

[30]  Freyr Sverrisson,et al.  Renewables 2014 : global status report , 2014 .

[31]  I. Ajzen The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[32]  Matthew J. Kotchen,et al.  Private Provision of Environmental Public Goods: Household Participation in Green-Electricity Programs , 2007 .

[33]  F. Kaiser,et al.  The proposition of a general version of the theory of planned behavior: Predicting ecological behavior , 2003 .

[34]  Daniel Pichert,et al.  Green defaults : Information presentation and pro-environmental behaviour , 2008 .

[35]  Lori Bird,et al.  A review of international green power markets: recent experience, trends, and market drivers , 2002 .

[36]  Ryan Wiser,et al.  Using contingent valuation to explore willingness to pay for renewable energy: A comparison of collective and voluntary payment vehicles , 2002 .

[37]  L. Steg,et al.  Normative, Gain and Hedonic Goal Frames Guiding Environmental Behavior , 2007 .

[38]  A. Bandura Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[39]  P. Schmidt,et al.  CHANGING TRAVEL-MODE CHOICE AS RATIONAL CHOICE: , 1998 .

[40]  Rolf Wüstenhagen,et al.  Kundenpräferenzen für leistungsrelevante Attribute von Stromprodukten , 2009 .

[41]  Jochen Markard,et al.  Eco-labeling of electricity*strategies and tradeo!s in the de"nition of environmental standards , 2001 .

[42]  J. Thøgersen,et al.  Activation of social norms in social dilemmas: A review of the evidence and reflections on the implications for environmental behaviour , 2007 .

[43]  B. Verplanken,et al.  Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits , 2006 .

[44]  Rolf Wüstenhagen,et al.  Green Energy Market Development in Germany: Effective Public Policy and Emerging Customer Demand , 2006 .

[45]  Matthew J. Kotchen,et al.  Internal and external influences on pro-environmental behavior: Participation in a green electricity program , 2003 .

[46]  Richard G. Netemeyer,et al.  Measurement of Consumer Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influence , 1989 .

[47]  George A. Akerlof The Market for “Lemons”: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism , 1970 .

[48]  B. Jorgensen,et al.  Protest responses and willingness to pay: attitude toward paying for stormwater pollution abatement , 2000 .

[49]  Seymour Sudman,et al.  Thinking about Answers: The Application of Cognitive Process to Survey Methodology , 1996 .

[50]  Ryan E Rhodes,et al.  Investigating multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: an examination of the theory of planned behaviour in the exercise domain. , 2003, The British journal of social psychology.

[51]  P. Reiss,et al.  What changes energy consumption? Prices and public pressures , 2008 .

[52]  Linda Steg,et al.  Relationships between value orientations, self-determined motivational types and pro-environmental behavioural intentions , 2010 .

[53]  Stuart Oskamp,et al.  Factors Influencing Household Recycling Behavior , 1991 .

[54]  T. Gärling,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR GREEN ELECTRICITY , 2008 .

[55]  M. Ranney,et al.  Ecological behavior, environmental attitude, and feelings of responsibility for the environment , 1999 .

[56]  Jacob K. Goeree,et al.  Private costs and public benefits: unraveling the effects of altruism and noisy behavior , 2002 .

[57]  H. Rosenthal,et al.  Private incentives in social dilemmas: The effects of incomplete information and altruism , 1988 .

[58]  J. Thøgersen,et al.  Spillover of environment-friendly consumer behaviour , 2003 .

[59]  Rolf Wüstenhagen,et al.  Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept , 2007 .

[60]  I. Ajzen Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. , 2002 .

[61]  R. Cialdini CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment , 2022 .

[62]  P. Stern,et al.  Social Structural and Social Psychological Bases of Environmental Concern , 1998 .

[63]  F. Kaiser,et al.  Contrasting the Theory of Planned Behavior With the Value‐Belief‐Norm Model in Explaining Conservation Behavior1 , 2005 .

[64]  H. Staats,et al.  Explaining Proenvironmental Intention and Behavior by Personal Norms and the Theory of Planned Behavior1 , 1999 .

[65]  R. Cialdini,et al.  New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: The Application of Persuasion Theory to the Development Of Effective Proenvironmental Public Service Announcements , 2000 .

[66]  P. Sparks,et al.  SELF-IDENTITY AND THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR - ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IDENTIFICATION WITH GREEN CONSUMERISM , 1992 .

[67]  D. Hornung,et al.  EIDGENÖSSISCHE VOLKSZÄHLUNG 2000 , 2005 .

[68]  Gregory L. Poe,et al.  Provision Point Mechanisms and Field Validity Tests of Contingent Valuation , 2002 .

[69]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach , 2009 .

[70]  Shaul Oreg,et al.  Predicting Proenvironmental Behavior Cross-Nationally , 2006 .

[71]  C. Vlek,et al.  A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation , 2005 .

[72]  F. Kaiser A moral extension of the theory of planned behavior: Norms and anticipated feelings of regret in conservationism. , 2006 .

[73]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Thinking About Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology , 1995, Quality of Life Research.

[74]  Jochen Markard,et al.  The promotional impacts of green power products on renewable energy sources: direct and indirect eco-effects , 2006 .

[75]  Blair T. Johnson,et al.  The Handbook of Attitudes , 2005 .

[76]  Eija Pouta, Mika Rekola The Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Willingness to Pay for Abatement of Forest Regeneration , 2001 .

[77]  A. Bandura Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. , 1977, Psychological review.

[78]  D. Trafimow,et al.  The Importance of Subjective Norms for a Minority of People: between Subjects and within-Subjects Analyses , 1996 .

[79]  B. C. Farhar,et al.  Willingness to Pay for Renewable Electricity: A Review of Utility Market Research , 1999 .

[80]  M. Conner,et al.  The Theory of Planned Behaviour , 2004 .

[81]  Clive Jones,et al.  Contingent Valuation and Real Economic Commitments: Evidence from Electric Utility Green Pricing Programmes , 1999 .

[82]  M Fishbein,et al.  Developing effective behavior change interventions: some lessons learned from behavioral research. , 1995, NIDA research monograph.

[83]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  Theory-based Behavior Change Interventions: Comments on Hobbis and Sutton , 2005, Journal of health psychology.

[84]  P. Wesley Schultz,et al.  Changing Behavior With Normative Feedback Interventions: A Field Experiment on Curbside Recycling , 1999 .

[85]  Carsten Schroeder,et al.  Altruism, Warm Glow and the Willingness-to-Donate for Green Electricity: An Artefactual Field Experiment , 2005 .

[86]  Rolf Wüstenhagen Ökostrom - von der Nische zum Massenmarkt: Entwicklungsperspektiven und Marketingstrategien für eine zukunftsfähige Elektrizitätsbranche , 2000 .

[87]  Matthew J. Kotchen,et al.  Green Markets and Private Provision of Public Goods , 2006, Journal of Political Economy.

[88]  Daniel M. Hausman,et al.  Economic analysis and moral philosophy , 1996 .

[89]  Kjell Arne Brekke,et al.  An Economic Model of Moral Motivation , 2003 .

[90]  Alexander E. Ellinger,et al.  Consumer concern, knowledge, belief, and attitude toward renewable energy: An application of the reasoned action theory , 2000 .

[91]  A. Manstead,et al.  Distinguishing between perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy in the domain of academic achievement intentions and behaviors , 1998 .

[92]  J. van der Pligt,et al.  Ambivalence and information integration in attitudinal judgment. , 2004, The British journal of social psychology.

[93]  B. Roe,et al.  US consumers' willingness to pay for green electricity , 2001 .

[94]  H. Varian,et al.  On the private provision of public goods , 1986 .

[95]  Gregory L. Poe,et al.  The private provision of public goods: tests of a provision point mechanism for funding green power programs , 2002 .

[96]  J. Andreoni Giving with Impure Altruism: Applications to Charity and Ricardian Equivalence , 1989, Journal of Political Economy.

[97]  T E Backer,et al.  Reviewing the behavioral science knowledge base on technology transfer. Introduction. , 1995, NIDA research monograph.

[98]  Kjell Arne Brekke,et al.  Green Consumers and Public Policy: On Socially Contingent Moral Motivation , 2003 .