Synthesis of alkyl-branched fatty acids

Alkyl-branched fatty compounds are of interest for industrial products in the cosmetics and lubricant areas. In this review, clay- and zeolite-catalyzed isomerizations of unsaturated fatty compounds, especially of oleic acid, are discussed. While clay-catalyzed reactions give most complex mixtures of dimeric fatty acids and of monomeric so-called "isostearic acid", the zeolite-catalyzed process yields preferentially an isomeric mixture of isostearic acids having the methyl branch on the 8-14 positions of the alkyl chain. Synthetically useful additions of alkyl radicals can only be performed on co-unsaturated fatty compounds, whereas perfluoroalkyl iodides were added to fatty compounds with terminal as well as internal double bonds using electron transfer-initiated radical addition reactions. Electrophilic additions of alkyl carbenium ions generated by decomposition of alkyl chloroformates by ethylaluminum sesquichloride give well-defined alkyl-branched oleochemicals with good yields.

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