Creep and Shrinkage: Their Effect on the Behavior of Concrete Structures

A How Do Creep and Shrinkage Affect the Behavior of Structures?.- Differentiation Among Types of Stresses and of Action Effects According to Their Causes.- The Effects of Shrinkage.- The Effects of Creep.- Summary of the Effects of Creep and Shrinkage.- B Behavior of Materials.- General Rheological Description of the Deformation Process in Concrete.- Development of the Strength of Concrete.- Data on the Magnitude of Strain.- Prediction Methods.- Deformation Characteristics of Reinforcing and Prestressing Steels.- Comparison with Construction Site Observations.- Prospects for Future Developments.- References for Part B.- C Examples.- Brief Compilation of Formulations for an Estimate of Instantaneous and Time-Dependent Strains.- Summary of Relationships for Calculating the Consequences of Creep and Shrinkage.- Statically Indeterminate Coupling between a Flexible Steel Tension Member and a Concrete Structure.- Internally Statically Indeterminate Coupling between Bonded Reinforcement and Concrete.- Two-fold Internally Indeterminate Coupling between a Rigid Reinforcement Bonded to Concrete: Solution by the Busemann Method.- Two-fold Statically Indeterminate Interaction between Two Unstressed or Prestressed Bonded Tendons and Concrete.- Redistribution Moments in Prestressed Structures which Are Supported Statically Indeterminate. Examples of Internally and Externally Statically Indeterminate Systems.- Systems with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy.- Reduction of Constraints which Are Imposed Through Rigid or Near-Rigid Supports.- Constraints Induced by Shrinkage.- Coupling of Structural Components with Different Creep and Shrinkage Properties.- Use of Step-by-Step Integration for Cases which Cannot, or Only with Difficulty, Be Solved in a Closed Mathematical Form.- Possible Ways of Reducing the Redistribution of Action Effects Caused by Creep.- Calculation of Deformations and Camber.- References for Part C.- APPENDIX I Further Explanations to Part B.- Modulus of Elasticity.- The Prediction Method of Rusch-Jungwirth.- Comparison of Prediction Methods for Creep.- APPENDIX II Realistic Calculation of Creep and Shrinkage Effects.- The Differential Equation According to Dischinger.- Finite Difference Methods.- The Trost Method.- The Bazant Method Based on the Effective Modulus.- The Busemann Method for Internally and Multiple Statically Indeterminate Systems.- Special Cases.- Comparison of Results Achieved with Different Methods.- Outlook.- References for Appendix II.