25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Early Death: Population-Based Study and Meta-Analyses of 18 and 17 Studies

Objective—We tested the hypothesis that reduced plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D associates with increased risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death. Methods and Results—We measured baseline plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 10 170 women and men from the Danish general population without vitamin D–fortified food. During 29 years of follow-up, 3100 persons developed ischemic heart disease, 1625 myocardial infarction, and 6747 died. Decreasing plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with increasing risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death as a function of seasonally adjusted percentile categories (P for trend, 2×10−4–3×10–53). Comparing individuals with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at the 1st to 4th percentile with individuals with levels at the 50th to 100th percentile, the multivariable adjusted risk was increased by 40% (95% CI, 14%–72%) for ischemic heart disease, by 64% (25%–114%) for myocardial infarction, by 57% (38%–78%) for early death, and by 81% (40%–135%) for fatal ischemic heart disease/myocardial infarction. In the meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies, risk of ischemic heart disease and early death were increased by 39% (25%–54%) and 46% (31%–64%) for lowest versus highest quartile of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Conclusion—We observed increasing risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death with decreasing plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. These findings were substantiated in meta-analyses.

[1]  M. Holick,et al.  Vitamin D and inflammation , 2014, Dermato-endocrinology.

[2]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Serum and dietary vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk in elderly men: a prospective cohort study. , 2012, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[3]  J. Kanis,et al.  Low serum vitamin D is associated with increased mortality in elderly men: MrOS Sweden , 2012, Osteoporosis International.

[4]  Jennifer G. Robinson,et al.  Prospective association of vitamin D concentrations with mortality in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). , 2011, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  J. Manson,et al.  Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical performance in postmenopausal women. , 2011, Journal of women's health.

[6]  J. Mursu,et al.  Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with the risk of death in a general older population in Finland , 2011, European journal of nutrition.

[7]  R. Scragg.  Vitamin D and public health: an overview of recent research on common diseases and mortality in adulthood , 2011, Public Health Nutrition.

[8]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study. , 2010, The American journal of medicine.

[9]  L. Holmberg,et al.  Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[10]  B. Horne,et al.  Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. , 2010, The American journal of cardiology.

[11]  S. Cummings,et al.  Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in older men. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[12]  H. Brenner,et al.  Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. , 2010, Preventive medicine.

[13]  R. Jorde,et al.  Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in a general population: the Tromsø study. , 2010, European journal of endocrinology.

[14]  O. Franco,et al.  Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2010, Maturitas.

[15]  S. Bandinelli,et al.  Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults , 2009, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[16]  I. Reid,et al.  Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[17]  G. Nijpels,et al.  Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women , 2009, Clinical endocrinology.

[18]  Markku Heliövaara,et al.  American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Vitamin D Status and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Death , 2022 .

[19]  P. Delmas,et al.  Serum concentrations of 17β‐E2 and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD) in relation to all‐cause mortality in older men – the MINOS study , 2009, Clinical endocrinology.

[20]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with greater all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling women. , 2009, Nutrition research.

[21]  C. Camargo,et al.  Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2009, Archives of internal medicine.

[22]  W. März,et al.  Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[23]  B. Astor,et al.  25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[24]  E. Rimm,et al.  25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[25]  Michael J. Pencina,et al.  Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease , 2008, Circulation.

[26]  J. Alpert,et al.  Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction , 2008 .

[27]  J. Alpert,et al.  Universal definition of myocardial infarction. , 2007, European heart journal.

[28]  G. Mcneill,et al.  Nutritional status and subsequent all-cause mortality in men and women aged 75 years or over living in the community , 2007, British Journal of Nutrition.

[29]  B. Nordestgaard,et al.  Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. , 2007, JAMA.

[30]  M. Visser,et al.  Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admission. , 2006, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[31]  R. Koerfer,et al.  Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin D insufficiency into perspective , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[32]  T. Rönnemaa,et al.  Dietary and serum vitamins and minerals as predictors of myocardial infarction and stroke in elderly subjects. , 2005, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[33]  Keith C. Norris,et al.  The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: data from the NHANES III. , 2005, Ethnicity & disease.

[34]  C. Barton,et al.  Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[35]  S. Thompson,et al.  Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[36]  A. Levey,et al.  A More Accurate Method To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction Equation , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  R Peto,et al.  Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. , 1998, JAMA.

[38]  R. Scragg.  Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation. , 1981, International journal of epidemiology.

[39]  R. Mason,et al.  Stability of vitamin D metabolites in human blood serum and plasma. , 1981, Clinical chemistry.

[40]  T. Oppé,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency. , 1979, British medical journal.