Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review

Abstract Although intravenous thrombolysis increases the probability of a good functional outcome in carefully selected patients with acute ischemic stroke, a substantial proportion of patients who receive thrombolysis do not have a good outcome. Several recent trials of mechanical thrombectomy appear to indicate that this treatment may be superior to thrombolysis. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of new-generation mechanical thrombectomy devices with intravenous thrombolysis (if eligible) compared with intravenous thrombolysis (if eligible) in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by a proximal intracranial occlusion. We systematically searched seven databases for randomized controlled trials published between January 2005 and March 2015 comparing stent retrievers or thromboaspiration devices with best medical therapy (with or without intravenous thrombolysis) in adults with acute ischemic stroke. We assessed risk of bias and overall quality of the included trials. We combined the data using a fixed or random effects meta-analysis, where appropriate. We identified 1579 studies; of these, we evaluated 122 full-text papers and included five randomized control trials (n=1287). Compared with patients treated medically, patients who received mechanical thrombectomy were more likely to be functionally independent as measured by a modified Rankin score of 0-2 (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.88-3.04; I2=0%). This finding was robust to subgroup analysis. Mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were not significantly different between the two groups. Mechanical thrombectomy significantly improves functional independence in appropriately selected patients with acute ischemic stroke. RÉSUMÉ Étude systématique de l’utilisation de la thrombectomie mécanique dans les cas d’AVC ischémiques aigus. Bien que la thrombolyse intraveineuse augmente la probabilité d’une récupération fonctionnelle satisfaisante chez des patients dûment sélectionnés ayant souffert d’un AVC ischémique aigu, une proportion élevée de patients ayant bénéficié de cette technique médicale peinent à récupérer adéquatement. Plusieurs essais cliniques récents en matière de thrombectomie mécanique semblent indiquer que ce traitement pourrait être supérieur à la thrombolyse. Nous avons ainsi procédé de façon systématique à une recension méta-analytique devant évaluer l’efficacité clinique et l’innocuité d’une nouvelle génération de dispositifs mécaniques de thrombectomie en comparaison avec la thrombolyse intraveineuse administrée, sous réserve de certains critères d’admissibilité, à des patients ayant souffert d’un AVC ischémique aigu causé par une occlusion intracrânienne proximale. À cet égard, nous avons systématiquement interrogé sept bases de données afin de retracer des essais randomisés contrôlés dont les résultats ont été publiés entre janvier 2005 et mars 2015. Ces essais comparaient l’efficacité des extracteurs d’endoprothèses (stent retrievers) ou des dispositifs de thrombo-aspiration aux meilleurs traitements médicaux, accompagnés ou non de la thrombolyse intraveineuse, chez des adultes ayant souffert d’un AVC ischémique aigu. Nous avons aussi évalué la qualité d’ensemble ainsi que les risques de biais de ces essais randomisés. Le cas échéant, nous avons combiné les données au moyen d’une méta-analyse à effets aléatoires ou fixes. Au total, nous avons repéré 1579 études; de ce nombre, nous en avons évalué 122 dans leur intégralité et inclus cinq essais randomisés contrôlés (n = 1287). Comparativement à des patients ayant reçu un traitement médical « conservateur », ceux ayant bénéficié d’une thrombectomie mécanique étaient plus susceptibles de récupérer leur autonomie fonctionnelle, laquelle a été mesurée par l’échelle de Rankin modifiée entre 0 et 2 (rapport des chances ou odds ratio : 2,39; intervalle de confiance à 95% ; 1,88-3,04; I2 = 0%). Les résultats d’analyse de ce sous-groupe se sont également révélés robustes. Tant la mortalité que des manifestations d’hémorragie intracérébrale symptomatiques ne se sont pas apparues foncièrement différentes d’un groupe à l’autre. On peut donc conclure que la thrombectomie mécanique améliore de façon notable l’autonomie fonctionnelle de patients dûment sélectionnés ayant souffert d’un AVC ischémique aigu.

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