Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review

Photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

[1]  Andrew Mills,et al.  WATER-PURIFICATION BY SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS , 1993 .

[2]  A. Davis,et al.  The photocatalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing organic compounds using cadmium sulfide and the effect on CdS photocorrosion , 1991 .

[3]  J. Csanádi,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of the fungicide metalaxyl dissolved in water over TiO2 , 1999 .

[4]  V. G. Pangarkar,et al.  Solar‐assisted photochemical and photocatalytic degradation of phenol , 2001 .

[5]  B. Ohtani,et al.  Photocatalytic activity of titania powders suspended in aqueous silver nitrate solution: correlation with pH-dependent surface structures , 1987 .

[6]  M. Tomkiewicz,et al.  Morphology and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 Aerogels , 1994 .

[7]  G. Low,et al.  Effects of common inorganic anions on rates of photocatalytic oxidation of organic carbon over illuminated titanium dioxide , 1990 .

[8]  Andrew Mills,et al.  An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis , 1997 .

[9]  R. Bauer,et al.  New Reactor Design for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment with TiO2 Immobilized on Fused-Silica Glass Fibers: Photomineralization of 4-Chlorophenol. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  J. Joshi,et al.  Kinetics of wet air oxidation of phenol and substituted phenols , 1991 .

[11]  Steven L. Suib,et al.  Dichloromethane photodegradation using titanium catalysts , 1989 .

[12]  J. Yates,et al.  Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and Selected Results , 1995 .

[13]  K. Gray,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of methyl-tert-butyl ether in TiO2 slurries : a proposed reaction scheme , 1995 .

[14]  S. McEvoy,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in the presence of near-UV illuminated titanium dioxide , 1992 .

[15]  L. Palmisano,et al.  Photocatalytic degradaton of phenol in aqueous polycrystalline TiO2 dispersions: the influence of Fe3+, Fe2+ and Ag+ on the reaction rate , 1991 .

[16]  D. Ollis,et al.  Solar photoassisted catalytic decomposition of the chlorinated hydrocarbons trichloroethylene and trichloromethane , 1984 .

[17]  N. Xu,et al.  Effects of Particle Size of TiO2 on Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Suspensions , 1999 .

[18]  S. McEvoy,et al.  A comparison of 254 nm and 350 nm excitation of TiO2 in simple photocatalytic reactors , 1992 .

[19]  R. H. Davies,et al.  Photomineralisation of 4-chlorophenol sensitised by titanium dioxide: a study of the intermediates , 1993 .

[20]  A. Mills,et al.  Bromate removal from drinking water by semiconductor photocatalysis , 1996 .

[21]  S. McEvoy,et al.  Destruction of phenol in water with sun, sand, and photocatalysis , 1992 .

[22]  Yasunori Yamamoto,et al.  Kinetics of Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decomposition of Phenol over Anatase TiO2 Powder , 1985 .

[23]  Effects of pH on photocatalysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in aqueous TiO2 suspensions , 1994 .

[24]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Recent advances in heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis , 1997 .

[25]  G. Low,et al.  Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of monocrotophos , 1995 .

[26]  Y. Ku,et al.  Photocatalytic decomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous TiO2 suspensions , 1992 .

[27]  R. W. Matthews Solar-electric water purification using photocatalytic oxidation with TiO2 as a stationary phase , 1987 .

[28]  A. Gonzalez-Elipe,et al.  Characterization and photocatalytic activity in aqueous medium of TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 coatings on quartz , 1997 .

[29]  R. Andreozzi,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous TiO2 slurries : an experimental validation of literature kinetic models , 2000 .

[30]  Shuzo Tanaka,et al.  Photocatalytic mineralisation of perchloroethylene using titanium dioxide , 1995 .

[31]  D. Bahnemann,et al.  Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol in Aerated Aqueous Titanium Dioxide Suspensions: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study , 1996 .

[32]  Keiichi Tanaka,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of commercial azo dyes , 2000 .

[33]  I. Mazzarino,et al.  Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Acids in Aqueous Media by a Supported Catalyst , 1999 .

[34]  Shuzo Tanaka,et al.  Effects of Photolytic Pretreatment on Biodegradation and Detoxification of Surfactants in Anaerobic Digestion , 1993 .

[35]  M. Čeppan,et al.  Phenol decomposition using Mn+ /TiO2 photocatalysts supported by the sol-gel technique on glass fibres , 1997 .

[36]  Wilson F. Jardim,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of aromatic chlorinated compounds using TiO2: Toxicity of intermediates , 1997 .

[37]  D. Ollis,et al.  Kinetic processes of photocatalytic mineralization of alcohols on metallized titanium dioxide , 1999 .

[38]  S. Martin,et al.  Photochemical Mechanism of Size-Quantized Vanadium-Doped TiO2 Particles , 1994 .

[39]  C. Turchi,et al.  Field testing solar photocatalytic detoxification on TCE-contaminated groundwater , 1993 .

[40]  D. Ollis,et al.  Heterogeneous photoassisted catalysis: Conversions of perchloroethylene, dichloroethane, chloroacetic acids, and chlorobenzenes , 1984 .

[41]  André M. Braun,et al.  Photochemical processes for water treatment , 1993 .

[42]  L. Palmisano,et al.  Influence of the preparation methods of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion , 1990 .

[43]  X. Doménech,et al.  Photocatalyzed Degradation of Phenol, 2,4‐Dichlorophenol, Phenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid over SupportedTiO2 in a Flow System , 1996 .

[44]  P. Kamat PHOTOCHEMISTRY ON NONREACTIVE AND REACTIVE (SEMICONDUCTOR) SURFACES , 1993 .

[45]  Pierre Pichat,et al.  Semiconductor-sensitized photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in water , 1991 .

[46]  I. Poulios,et al.  Photodegradation of the textile dye Reactive Black 5 in the presence of semiconducting oxides , 1999 .

[47]  C. Richard,et al.  Is the oxidation of salicylic acid to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid a specific reaction of singlet oxygen? , 1994 .

[48]  Nick Serpone,et al.  Photocatalyzed destruction of water contaminants , 1991 .

[49]  M. Tomkiewicz,et al.  Titanium dioxide aerogels for photocatalytic decontamination of aquatic environments , 1993 .

[50]  O. M. Kut,et al.  TiO2-Assisted Degradation of Environmentally Relevant Organic Compounds in Wastewater Using a Novel Fluidized Bed Photoreactor , 1996 .

[51]  David F. Ollis,et al.  Mixed reactant photocatalysis: Intermediates and mutual rate inhibition , 1989 .

[52]  S. Martin,et al.  Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis , 1995 .

[53]  A. Davis,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions: the influence of dissolved transition metals , 1993 .

[54]  W. Jardim,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of phenol and chlorinated phenols using AgTiO2 in a slurry reactor , 1994 .

[55]  Akira Fujishima,et al.  Photocatalytic Degradation of Gaseous Formaldehyde Using TiO2 Film , 1998 .

[56]  M. M. Kondo,et al.  Photodegradation of chloroform and urea using Ag-loaded titanium dioxide as catalyst , 1991 .

[57]  R. W. Matthews Photooxidative degradation of coloured organics in water using supported catalysts. TiO2 on sand , 1991 .

[58]  A. Davis,et al.  The removal of substituted phenols by a photocatalytic oxidation process with cadmium sulfide , 1990 .

[59]  M. Kunst,et al.  Charge-carrier dynamics in titania powders , 1990 .

[60]  David F. Ollis,et al.  Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Purification, Decontamination and Deodorization of Air , 1997 .

[61]  Walter A. Zeltner,et al.  SUPPORTED TITANIA FOR PHOTODEGRADATION , 1993 .

[62]  David F. Ollis,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of organic water contaminants: Mechanisms involving hydroxyl radical attack , 1990 .

[63]  C. Minero,et al.  Photocatalytic activity and selectivity of titania colloids and particles prepared by the sol-gel technique: photooxidation of phenol and atrazine , 1993 .

[64]  C. Minero,et al.  Photocatalytic Degradation of Free and Chemically Bound Silicones on Irradiated Titanium Dioxide , 1995 .

[65]  F. Sagués,et al.  External noise effects on quasimarginal relaxations in a bistable chemical system , 1991 .

[66]  D. Bahnemann,et al.  Photolysis of chloroform and other organic molecules in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions , 1991 .

[67]  C. Wan,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide powders , 1990 .

[68]  D. Ollis,et al.  Photocatalyzed oxidation of alcohols and organochlorides in the presence of native TiO2 and metallized TiO2 suspensions. Part(I):Photocatalytic activity and pH influence , 1999 .

[69]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Novel Photocatalytic Mechanisms for CHCl3, CHBr3, and CCl3CO2- Degradation and the Fate of Photogenerated Trihalomethyl Radicals on TiO2 , 1997 .

[70]  J. Weber,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of methylbutandioic acid (MBA) in aqueous TiO2 suspension: influences of MBA adsorption on the solid semi-conductor , 1998 .

[71]  V. G. Pangarkar,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid: Relationship between substrate adsorption and photocatalytic degradation , 2000 .

[72]  John C. Crittenden,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water , 1997 .

[73]  S. Tunesi,et al.  Influence of chemisorption on the photodecomposition of salicylic acid and related compounds using suspended TiO2 ceramic membranes , 1991 .

[74]  N. Serpone,et al.  AM1 simulated sunlight photoreduction and elimination of Hg(II) and CH3Hg(II) chloride salts from aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide , 1987 .

[75]  J. Peral,et al.  Removal of toxic cyanide from water by heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation over ZnO , 1988 .