Photosystem I Multilayer Films for Photovoltage Enhancement in Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Here, a new design for natural dye-sensitized solar cells is presented. A stacked assembly consisting of a discrete Photosystem I protein multilayer film atop a natural dye-sensitized photoanode expands absorbance of the solar spectrum to facilitate a more than 2-fold increase in cell photovoltage relative to the unmodified equivalent.