Matrix methods in treating decentred optical systems

A set of matrix methods treating decentred optical systems in the paraxial approximation is reviewed. Misalignment phenomena of optical systems can generally be described by an augmented 4×4 matrix; propagation of optical rays in an asymmetric, inhomogeneous medium by a 3×3 matrix. In order to simplify the operations with these matrices, ray transfer flow graphs are introduced.A lot of optical problems can be solved in a clear and simple manner, including optical arrays. Some examples are given.

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