Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma.

This manuscript discusses the current surgical management of glioblastoma. This paper highlights the common pathophysiology attributes of glioblastoma, surgical options for diagnosis/treatment, current thoughts of extent of resection (EOR) of tumor, and post-operative (neo)adjuvant treatment. Glioblastoma is not a disease that can be cured with surgery alone, however safely performed maximal surgical resection is shown to significantly increase progression free and overall survival while maximizing quality of life. Upon invariable tumor recurrence, re-resection also is shown to impact survival in a select group of patients. As adjuvant therapy continues to improve survival, the role of surgical resection in the treatment of glioblastoma looks to be further defined.

[1]  Gary L. Gallia,et al.  TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[2]  M. Apuzzo,et al.  Initial experience related to the use of the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic instrument. Technical note. , 1990, Journal of neurosurgery.

[3]  Thomas Filleron,et al.  Evaluation of the lactate-to-N-acetyl-aspartate ratio defined with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging before radiation therapy as a new predictive marker of the site of relapse in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. , 2014, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[4]  Gabriele Schackert,et al.  Molecular characterization of long‐term survivors of glioblastoma using genome‐ and transcriptome‐wide profiling , 2014, International journal of cancer.

[5]  K. Kono,et al.  The role of diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with brain tumors. , 2001, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[6]  Alessandro Olivi,et al.  Accuracy of frameless and frame-based image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma: comparison of biopsy and open resection specimen , 2005, Neurological research.

[7]  A. Alexander,et al.  Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter: a pictorial review of physics, fiber tract anatomy, and tumor imaging patterns. , 2004, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[8]  Z L Gokaslan,et al.  A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. , 2001, Journal of neurosurgery.

[9]  Volker Seifert,et al.  Intraoperative MRI guidance and extent of resection in glioma surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. , 2011, The Lancet. Oncology.

[10]  K. Franz,et al.  Influence of iMRI-Guidance on the Extent of Resection and Survival of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme , 2010, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[11]  R. Mirimanoff,et al.  Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. , 2009, The Lancet. Oncology.

[12]  Susan M. Chang,et al.  Phase I/II study of erlotinib and temsirolimus for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium trial 04-02. , 2014, Neuro-oncology.

[13]  Kathleen Seidel,et al.  5-ALA complete resections go beyond MR contrast enhancement: shift corrected volumetric analysis of the extent of resection in surgery for glioblastoma , 2014, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[14]  C. Wirtz,et al.  Tumor detection with 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence and Gd-DTPA-enhanced intraoperative MRI at the border of contrast-enhancing lesions: a prospective study based on histopathological assessment. , 2014, Neurosurgical focus.

[15]  T. Santarius,et al.  Current concepts in the surgical management of glioma patients. , 2014, Clinics in oncology.

[16]  Arya Nabavi,et al.  High-field iMRI in glioblastoma surgery: improvement of resection radicality and survival for the patient? , 2011, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[17]  I. Z. Renault,et al.  Molecular genetics of glioblastomas: defining subtypes and understanding the biology. , 2015, Neuroimaging clinics of North America.

[18]  Olivier Dewitte,et al.  Integrated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection of brain tumors: a report of 103 consecutive procedures. , 2006, Journal of neurosurgery.

[19]  T. Mikkelsen,et al.  Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. , 2009, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[20]  D. Busam,et al.  An Integrated Genomic Analysis of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme , 2008, Science.

[21]  J. Honegger,et al.  Maximizing the extent of resection and survival benefit of patients in glioblastoma surgery: high-field iMRI versus conventional and 5-ALA-assisted surgery. , 2014, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[22]  S. Goldman,et al.  Combined magnetic resonance imaging- and positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic biopsy in brainstem mass lesions: diagnostic yield in a series of 30 patients. , 2000, Journal of neurosurgery.

[23]  Oren Sagher,et al.  Extent of resection in patients with glioblastoma: limiting factors, perception of resectability, and effect on survival. , 2012, Journal of neurosurgery.

[24]  Webster K. Cavenee,et al.  Erratum: The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system (Acta Neuropathol (2007) vol. 114 (97-109)) , 2007 .

[25]  Mitchel S Berger,et al.  An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas. , 2011, Journal of neurosurgery.

[26]  TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN GLIOMAS AND A SUBSET OF TUMORS DERIVED FROM CELLS WITH LOW RATES OF SELF-RENEWAL , 2014 .

[27]  D. Hwang,et al.  Prediction of Pathology and Survival by FDG PET in Gliomas , 2003, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[28]  S. Gabriel,et al.  Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. , 2010, Cancer cell.

[29]  A. Ehrhardt,et al.  Use of 5-ALA fluorescence guided endoscopic biopsy of a deep-seated primary malignant brain tumor. , 2011, Journal of neurosurgery.

[30]  Anthony Asher,et al.  Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.

[31]  Susan M. Chang,et al.  Phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with temsirolimus for recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma: North American Brain Tumor Consortium study 05-02. , 2012, Neuro-oncology.

[32]  R. Mirimanoff,et al.  Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  D. Barone,et al.  Image guided surgery for the resection of brain tumours. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[34]  P. Kleihues,et al.  Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma. , 2007, The American journal of pathology.

[35]  Lutz Tellmann,et al.  Comparison of (18)F-FET and (18)F-FDG PET in brain tumors. , 2009, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[36]  R. Barnard,et al.  The classification of tumours of the central nervous system. , 1982, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[37]  Khader M Hasan,et al.  Diffusion-tensor imaging of white matter tracts in patients with cerebral neoplasm. , 2002, Journal of neurosurgery.

[38]  Steven J. M. Jones,et al.  Mutational Analysis Reveals the Origin and Therapy-Driven Evolution of Recurrent Glioma , 2014, Science.

[39]  G. Reifenberger,et al.  Pathology and molecular genetics of astrocytic gliomas , 2004, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[40]  A. Luxen,et al.  Diagnostic yield of stereotactic brain biopsy guided by positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[41]  Henry Brem,et al.  Establishing percent resection and residual volume thresholds affecting survival and recurrence for patients with newly diagnosed intracranial glioblastoma. , 2014, Neuro-oncology.

[42]  R. Caivano,et al.  3 Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy: cerebral gliomas vs. metastatic brain tumors. Our experience and review of the literature , 2013, The International journal of neuroscience.

[43]  A. Romano,et al.  Pre-surgical planning and MR-tractography utility in brain tumour resection , 2009, European Radiology.

[44]  Peter Nakaji,et al.  An extent of resection threshold for recurrent glioblastoma and its risk for neurological morbidity. , 2014, Journal of neurosurgery.

[45]  Z L Gokaslan,et al.  Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. , 2001, Neuro-oncology.

[46]  M Schwaiger,et al.  Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine for tumor imaging. , 1999, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[47]  G. Barnett,et al.  Treatment outcomes for patients with glioblastoma multiforme and a low Karnofsky Performance Scale score on presentation to a tertiary care institution. Clinical article. , 2011, Journal of neurosurgery.

[48]  P. Forsyth,et al.  Long-term Glioblastoma Multiforme Survivors: a Population-based Study , 1998, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[49]  Pedro Roldán,et al.  Multimodal navigation in the functional microsurgical resection of intrinsic brain tumors located in eloquent motor areas: role of tractography. , 2010, Neurosurgical focus.

[50]  D. Hammoud,et al.  Predicting outcome of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas using multiparametric imaging. , 2011, Neuro-oncology.

[51]  M. Plummer,et al.  International agency for research on cancer. , 2020, Archives of pathology.

[52]  Luciano Fadiga,et al.  Low-grade glioma surgery in eloquent areas: volumetric analysis of extent of resection and its impact on overall survival. A single-institution experience in 190 patients: clinical article. , 2012, Journal of neurosurgery.

[53]  S. Hansen,et al.  Neoadjuvant bevacizumab and irinotecan versus bevacizumab and temozolomide followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: A randomized phase II study , 2014, Acta oncologica.

[54]  B. O'neill,et al.  Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain. , 2001, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[55]  B. Drayer,et al.  Human cerebral gliomas: correlation of postmortem MR imaging and neuropathologic findings. , 1989, Radiology.

[56]  Mitchel S Berger,et al.  Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival: clinical article. , 2012, Journal of neurosurgery.

[57]  A. Server,et al.  Quantitative apparent diffusion coefficients in the characterization of brain tumors and associated peritumoral edema , 2009, Acta radiologica.

[58]  O. Ganslandt,et al.  Improving the Extent of Malignant Glioma Resection by Dual Intraoperative Visualization Approach , 2012, PloS one.

[59]  J. Barnholtz-Sloan,et al.  CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. , 2012, Neuro-oncology.

[60]  Amy S Nowacki,et al.  Residual tumor volume versus extent of resection: predictors of survival after surgery for glioblastoma. , 2014, Journal of neurosurgery.

[61]  M. Walid.  Prognostic factors for long-term survival after glioblastoma. , 2008, The Permanente journal.

[62]  J. Reijneveld,et al.  Bevacizumab in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. , 2015, The oncologist.

[63]  H. W. Slone,et al.  Lesions of the corpus callosum: MR imaging and differential considerations in adults and children. , 2002, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[64]  Jean-Yves Delattre,et al.  Management of elderly patients with gliomas. , 2014, The oncologist.

[65]  Paolo G P Nucifora,et al.  Use of diffusion tensor imaging in glioma resection. , 2013, Neurosurgical focus.

[66]  Jyh-Cheng Chen,et al.  Evaluation of F-18-labeled amino acid derivatives and [18F]FDG as PET probes in a brain tumor-bearing animal model. , 2005, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[67]  Reid C. Thompson,et al.  The relative value of postoperative versus preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale scores as a predictor of survival after surgical resection of glioblastoma multiforme , 2014, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[68]  M. Handrigan,et al.  Signs and symptoms of patients with brain tumors presenting to the emergency department. , 1993, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[69]  Rania M. Seliem,et al.  Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the central nervous system performed freehand under computed tomography guidance without stereotactic instrumentation , 2003, Cancer.

[70]  Lauren E. Abrey,et al.  Neurological outcome of long-term glioblastoma survivors , 2009, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[71]  K. Salzman,et al.  Diagnostic Imaging: Brain , 2008 .

[72]  F. Zanella,et al.  Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. , 2006, The Lancet. Oncology.

[73]  Neuro-Oncology Surgical.  Factors involved in maintaining prolonged functional independence following supratentorial glioblastoma resection , 2011 .

[74]  Y. Mao,et al.  3.0-T intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection in cerebral glioma surgery: interim analysis of a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, parallel-controlled trial. , 2014, Neurosurgery.

[75]  K Takakura,et al.  [Metastatic brain tumors]. , 1980, Rinsho hoshasen. Clinical radiography.

[76]  H. Steiger,et al.  Glioblastoma multiforme of the elderly: the prognostic effect of resection on survival , 2011, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[77]  B. Scheithauer,et al.  The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system , 2007, Acta Neuropathologica.

[78]  A. Olivi,et al.  Factors involved in maintaining prolonged functional independence following supratentorial glioblastoma resection. Clinical article. , 2011, Journal of neurosurgery.

[79]  Jennie W. Taylor,et al.  Treatment Considerations for MGMT-Unmethylated Glioblastoma , 2014, Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.

[80]  N. Avgeropoulos,et al.  Glioblastoma: Background, Standard Treatment Paradigms, and Supportive Care Considerations , 2014, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics.

[81]  M. Mikhael,et al.  Supratentorial gliomas: surgical considerations and immediate postoperative results. Gross total resection versus partial resection. , 1987, Neurosurgery.

[82]  B. O'neill,et al.  Glioblastoma survival in the United States before and during the temozolomide era , 2012, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[83]  K. Aldape,et al.  A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[84]  Thomas Pongratz,et al.  ALA and malignant glioma: fluorescence-guided resection and photodynamic treatment. , 2007, Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer.

[85]  F. Ducray,et al.  IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.