Analysis of mouse retinal dehydrogenase type 2 promoter and expression.

The mouse RALDH2 gene spans >50 kb, has a structure similar to that of human class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes, and localizes to the central region of chromosome 9 by single-strand polymorphism analysis. Expression of mouse RALDH2 was detected in testis, lung, brain, and heart (Northern blot) and in liver and kidney (RNase protection assays). Expression was not detected by RNase protection assay in testis of vitamin A-deficient rats, and all-trans-retinoic acid dosing did not increase expression in vitamin A-deficient rat testis. A 2.3-kb section of the gene 5' to the transcription start site included neither retinoic acid nor retinoid X response elements, but included TATA and CCAAT motifs and AP, AHR, CREB, ER, Ets, and SREBP sites. The promoter initiated transcription of a luciferase reporter in human embryonic kidney cells (EBNA) and mouse Leydig- (TM3) and Sertoli-derived (TM4) cell lines, but neither all-trans-retinoic acid nor 9-cis-retinoic acid affected reporter transcription. These data suggest that relatively weak RALDH2 expression in vitamin A-deficient testis reflects vastly decreased numbers of germ cells, the major site of expression.

[1]  J. L. Napoli,et al.  Cellular expression of retinal dehydrogenase types 1 and 2: Effects of vitamin A status on testis mRNA , 2001, Journal of cellular physiology.

[2]  K. Umesono,et al.  Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 6, a Cytosolic Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Prominently Expressed in Sensory Neuroepithelia during Development* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[3]  M. Lin,et al.  cDNA Cloning and Expression of a Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Active with 9-cis-Retinal and Identification of a Rat Ortholog, ALDH12* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[4]  A. Yoshida,et al.  Mouse type-2 retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2): genomic organization, tissue-dependent expression, chromosome assignment and comparison to other types. , 2000, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[5]  M. Green,et al.  Mobilization of vitamin A stores in rats after administration of 2,3, 7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: a kinetic analysis. , 2000, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[6]  J. L. Napoli.  Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism. , 1999, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[7]  P. Chambon,et al.  Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[8]  O. Yoshie,et al.  TAL1 and LIM-Only Proteins Synergistically Induce Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Expression in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Acting as Cofactors for GATA3 , 1998, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[9]  K. Kaestner,et al.  Expression of the gut‐enriched Krüppel‐like factor gene during development and intestinal tumorigenesis , 1997, FEBS letters.

[10]  P. Penzes,et al.  Enzymatic characteristics of retinal dehydrogenase type I expressed in Escherichia coli. , 1997, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[11]  U. Dräger,et al.  Restricted expression and retinoic acid-induced downregulation of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (RALDH-2) gene during mouse development , 1997, Mechanisms of Development.

[12]  U. Dräger,et al.  Molecular identification of a major retinoic-acid-synthesizing enzyme, a retinaldehyde-specific dehydrogenase. , 1996, European journal of biochemistry.

[13]  Xianshu Wang,et al.  Cloning of a cDNA Encoding an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Its Expression in Escherichia coli , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  J. Olson,et al.  2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces diverse retinoic acid metabolites in multiple tissues of the Sprague-Dawley rat. , 1995, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[15]  C. Hsieh,et al.  Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of an additional human aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ALDH6. , 1994, Genomics.

[16]  S. Akira,et al.  Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  P. G. Quinn,et al.  Distinct activation domains within cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) mediate basal and cAMP-stimulated transcription. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[18]  J. D. Engel,et al.  Erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 is abundantly transcribed in mouse testis , 1993, Nature.

[19]  M. Ballow,et al.  The effects of retinol on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells , 1993, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[20]  J. L. Napoli,et al.  Biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid from retinal. Recognition of retinal bound to cellular retinol binding protein (type I) as substrate by a purified cytosolic dehydrogenase. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[21]  Mi-Ock Lee,et al.  Identification of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenases that catalyze the oxidation of aldophosphamide and retinaldehyde. , 1992, Biochemical pharmacology.

[22]  B. Graves,et al.  Interaction of murine ets-1 with GGA-binding sites establishes the ETS domain as a new DNA-binding motif. , 1992, Genes & development.

[23]  C. Manthey,et al.  Identification of mouse liver aldehyde dehydrogenases that catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. , 1991, Biochemical pharmacology.

[24]  T. Hunter,et al.  Transcriptional induction of the murine c-rel gene with serum and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in fibroblasts , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[25]  T. Mohandas,et al.  The cellular retinol binding protein II gene. Sequence analysis of the rat gene, chromosomal localization in mice and humans, and documentation of its close linkage to the cellular retinol binding protein gene. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  V. Vasiliou,et al.  Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene Superfamily , 1999 .

[27]  T. Werner,et al.  MatInd and MatInspector: new fast and versatile tools for detection of consensus matches in nucleotide sequence data. , 1995, Nucleic acids research.

[28]  R. Kimbrough.  The toxicity of polychlorinated polycyclic compounds and related chemicals. , 1974, CRC critical reviews in toxicology.