A Comparison of Tibiofemoral Joint Forces and Electromyographic Activit During Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises

We chose to investigate tibiofemoral joint kinetics (compressive force, anteroposterior shear force, and extension torque) and electromyographic activity of the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles during open kinetic chain knee extension and closed kinetic chain leg press and squat. Ten uninjured male subjects performed 4 isotonic repetitions with a 12 repetition maximal weight for each exercise. Tib iofemoral forces were calculated using electromyo graphic, kinematic, and kinetic data. During the squat, the maximal compressive force was 6139 ± 1708 N, occurring at 91° of knee flexion; whereas the maximal compressive force for the knee extension exercise was 4598 ± 2546 N (at 90° knee flexion). During the closed kinetic chain exercises, a posterior shear force (poste rior cruciate ligament stress) occurred throughout the range of motion, with the peak occurring from 85° to 105° of knee flexion. An anterior shear force (anterior cruciate ligament stress) was noted during open kinetic chain knee extension from 40° to full extension; a peak force of 248 ± 259 N was noted at 14° of knee flexion. Electromyographic data indicated greater hamstring and quadriceps muscle co-contraction during the squat compared with the other two exercises. During the leg press, the quadriceps muscle electromyographic activ ity was approximately 39% to 52% of maximal velocity isometric contraction; whereas hamstring muscle ac tivity was minimal (12% maximal velocity isometric contraction). This study demonstrated significant differ ences in tibiofemoral forces and muscle activity be tween the two closed kinetic chain exercises, and be tween the open and closed kinetic chain exercises.