Accuracy Assessment of Commercial Self‐Calibrating Bundle Adjustment Routines Applied to Archival Aerial Photography

The use of archival or historical photography for photogrammetric purposes often involves a lack of data concerning the aerial cameras employed, difficulties in identifying control points on the photos and inappropriate conservation of the photography. When camera calibration parameters are unknown, they should be estimated by means of a self-calibrating bundle adjustment. Several calibration models available in the Leica Photogrammetry Suite software have been tested on two archival datasets, captured in 1956 and 1977, covering the same working area. The accuracy of the dataset triangulation was found to depend significantly on the self-calibration method and the number of ground control points used; when the latter ranged from six to nine per stereopair, self-calibrating bundle adjustment techniques were found to slightly, but not always significantly, improve the photogrammetric capability of archival aerial photography. Thus, the adoption of self-calibration cannot guarantee the improvement of results when working on poorly conserved imagery. Results from such datasets are very dependent on numerous local variables which cannot be extrapolated to other areas for the same camera since each dataset is unique and may present systematic errors of a different nature. Resume L'utilisation de photographies d'archive pour une exploitation photogrammetrique se heurte souvent a un manque de donnees concernant les instruments de prise de vue aerienne employes, a des difficultes d'identification de points d'appui dans les cliches, et a une mauvaise conservation des photographies. Lorsque les parametres d'etalonnage de l'instrument sont inconnus, ils doivent pouvoir etre estimes par auto-etalonnage au moyen d'une compensation par faisceaux. Plusieurs modeles d'etalonnage proposes par le logiciel LPS (Leica Photogrammetry Suite) ont ete testes sur deux jeux de donnees d'archive, acquis en 1956 et 1977 sur le meme site. Il s'avere que la precision de la triangulation depend etroitement de la methode d'auto-etalonnage et du nombre de points d'appui utilises. En utilisant entre six et neuf points par couple stereoscopique, l'auto-etalonnage par compensation de faisceaux ameliore legerement, quoique pas toujours de maniere significative, le potentiel photogrammetrique des photographies aeriennes d'archive. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre de l'auto-etalonnage ne garantit pas l'amelioration des resultats lorsque les images ont ete mal conservees. Les resultats obtenus avec de telles donnees dependent de nombreuses variables locales qui ne peuvent pas etre extrapolees a d'autres sites y compris pour un meme instrument, car chaque jeu de donnees est unique et peut presenter des erreurs systematiques qui lui sont propres. Zusammenfassung Zur Verwendung von historischen Bildern fur die Photogrammetrie fehlen oft Daten der Luftbildkammern. Dazu kann es schwierig sein, Passpunkte in den Bildern zu identifizieren und die Bilder konnen Schaden durch ungeeignete Lagerung aufweisen. Falls die Kalibrierparameter unbekannt sind, sollten sie durch eine Selbstkalibrierung im Rahmen einer Bundelausgleichung bestimmt werden. Hierzu sind in der Leica Photogrammetry Suite Software mehrere Kalibriermodelle verfugbar. Diese wurden an zwei Datensatzen von Archivbildern, die in den Jahren 1956 und 1977 aufgenommen worden waren, erprobt. Die Genauigkeit der Triangulation dieser Datensatze hing signifikant von der Methode der Selbstkalibrierung und der Anzahl der Passpunkte ab. Bei einer Passpunktzahl von sechs bis neun Punkten pro Stereobildpaar, konnten die untersuchten Verfahren der Bundelausgleichung mit Selbstkalibrierung die photogrammetrischen Moglichkeiten der historischen Luftbilder verbessern, allerdings nicht immer. Somit kann bei schlecht konservierten Archivbildern nicht unbedingt mit einer Verbesserung der Ergebnisse gerechnet werden. Die Ergebnisse solcher Datensatze hangen sehr stark von zahlreichen lokalen Variablen ab, die nicht auf andere Gebiete mit der gleichen Kamera ubertragen werden konnen, da jeder Datensatz einzigartig ist und somit auch systematische Fehler unterschiedlicher Art aufweisen kann. Resumen El uso en fotogrametria de fotografias de archivo o historicas a menudo conlleva una carencia de informacion relativa a las camaras aereas empleadas, dificultades en la identificacion de puntos de control sobre las fotos y una inapropiada conservacion de los fotogramas. Cuando los parametros de calibracion de la camara son desconocidos, el ajuste de bloque con auto calibracion podria ser usado. Varios modelos de auto calibracion disponibles en el paquete fotogrametrico Leica Photogrammetry Suite han sido probados en dos vuelos fotogrametricos historicos, tomados en 1956 y 1977, sobre la misma area de estudio. La precision de la triangulacion dependio de forma significativa del metodo de auto calibracion y del numero de puntos de control empleados; de hecho, cuando se usaron entre 6 y 9 puntos de control por estereo par, el empleo de auto calibracion mostro ligeras, aunque no siempre estadisticamente significativas, mejoras en los resultados obtenidos a partir de vuelos fotogrametricos de archivo. De ese modo, el uso de auto calibracion no garantiza la mejora de las precisiones obtenidas en la triangulacion de imagenes aereas mal conservadas. Los resultados en estos casos dependen de numerosas variables locales que no pueden ser extrapoladas a otras areas tomadas con la misma camara, ya que cada vuelo fotogrametrico es unico y puede presentar errores sistematicos de diferente naturaleza.

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