Strength and fracture of glass and ceramics
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1. Strength and Fracture of Glass and Ceramics. Structure. Glass. Ceramics. Glass-ceramics. Mechanical properties. Elasticity. Non-elastic phenomena. The strength of glass and ceramics. Glass. Ceramics. Theoretical strength of brittle materials. The causes of low strength in glass and ceramics. Glass. Ceramics. Conditions for crack growth. Fracture behaviour with time. Subcritical crack growth, influence of the environment. Maximum fracture velocity. Crack trajectory. Failure due to various types of load. Concentrated load. Impact loading. Thermal stresses. Statistical aspects of strength and fracture. 2. The Principles of Fracture Mechanics. Stresses in a body with cracks. Basic terms, stress intensity factor. Determination of the stress intensity factor. The criterion for crack growth. The Irwin criterion for brittle fracture. The Griffith criterion for brittle fracture. The energy release rate. Practical use of fracture criteria. Fracture toughness of glass and ceramics. Velocity of crack growth. Glass. Ceramics. Determination of strength and lifetime of a body with a crack. Materials without subcritical crack growth. Materials with subcritical crack growth. Materials at high temperatures. Methods for ensuring service safety and lifetime. Non-destructive testing. Statistical methods. Proof tests. 3. Determination of Mechanical Properties. Determination of elastic constants. Young's modulus. Shear modulus. Determination of inelastic properties. Hardness. Viscosity. Creep. Strength tests. Tensile strength. Compressive strength. Bending strength. Shear strength. Strength under multiaxial stress. Inert and impact strength. Determination of fracture mechanics parameters. Test specimens. Determination of fracture toughness. Determination of the relationship v(K1). Determination of constants A, N. Other kinds of tests. Tests of resistance to sudden changes of temperature. Tests of impact resistance. Tests of resistance to pressure. Proof tests. Non-destructive tests, acoustic emission. Wear tests. Statistical methods. Introduction. Principal types of probability distribution. Determination of failure probability and allowable stress. The influence of body size. Errors due to scatter of measured values. 4. Fracture Analysis. Fracture pattern. General features. Practical examples. Morphology of fracture surfaces. General features. Fracture: origin, mirror, drawing. Rough surface. Shell-like fracture. General principles of fracture analysis. 5. Strengthening of Glass and Ceramics. General methods of increasing failure resistance. Strengthening of glass. Protection against surface defect generation. Surface treatment to remove or reduce surface flaws. Formation of a compressive prestress in surface layer. Controlled crystallization. Combination with other materials. Increasing the strength of ceramics. Reducing the size of critical flaws. Reducing unfavourable inner stresses.